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1

Corruption and Human Rights in the Case Law of Inter-American Human Rights Treaty Bodies

100%

Lis E.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2022

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vol. 51

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issue 4

149-180

EN

The first attempts to combat corruption date back to ancient times and had mainly moral connotation. Despite being an old phenomena, nowadays it takes new shapes and becomes a more common feature of social life, especially in the Latin America region. Corruption is a complex, and multidimensional phenomenon that negatively impacts human rights on many levels. Therefore, serious effort have long been made at global, regional and state levels to combat corruption. The United Nations and regional organizations have adopted numerous non-binding and binding documents with a view to stifling this phenomenon but none of them refer to the issue of impact of corruption on human rights. But it should be stressed that it is very hard to establish a link between corruption and human rights violations. Some efforts has been made by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IAComHR). This article considers whether and how the IACHR and the IAComHR establish the link between corruption and violation of human rights in the inter-American system. It also determines which groups of people are, according the IACHR and the IAComHR, particularly affected by corruption, what measures should be taken to protect those exposed to acts of corruption, what obligations are incumbent on States with a view to preventing, combating and eradicating corruption.

2

The evolution of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights and the doctrine of conventionality control

75%

Arcaro Conci L. G.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2014

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issue 4(8)

33-59

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problematykę międzyamerykańskiego systemu ochrony praw człowieka, utworzone w jego ramach organy oraz ich funkcje. Zaciągnięte przez państwa amerykańskie w ramach tego systemu zobowiązania międzynarodowe do realizacji i ochrony praw człowieka tworzą – w opinii autora – swoiste spektrum prawnej normatywności, która chroni osoby w państwach tych zamieszkujące, a w przypadku naruszeń pociąga za sobą negatywne skutki międzynarodowe. W artykule podkreślono, że problem wrażliwości demograficznej, cechujący historycznie kontynent południowoamerykański, odgrywał istotną rolę w procesach towarzyszących rozwojowi praw człowieka w tej części świata. Rozwój ten podzielony został się na trzy etapy. Pierwszy, początkowy, etap miał miejsce w późnych latach sześćdziesiątych, kiedy na kontynencie rozprzestrzeniały się dyktatury. Wówczas to doszło do utworzenia międzyamerykańskiego systemu praw człowieka. Podczas drugiego etapu, zapoczątkowanego w latach osiemdziesiątych, nastąpił proces demokratyzacji kontynentu, na fali której podjęto próby zapewnienia odpowiedniej efektywności wprowadzonym mechanizmom ochrony. Etap ten zakończył się pod koniec lat dziewięćdziesiątych. W trakcie trwającego od tego czasu do chwili obecnej trzeciego etapu wzmocniono natomiast powstałe dotychczas instytucje i położono większy nacisk na kwestię realizacji praw ustanowionych na podstawie traktatów międzynarodowych. W ostatniej części artykułu podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia znaczenia kontroli konwencyjności (control of conventionality) sprawowanej przez Międzyamerykański Trybunał Praw Człowieka. W tym kontekście wskazano również na obowiązek wszystkich instytucji wykonujących zadania wymiaru sprawiedliwości – a zatem nie tylko tych pełniących funkcje sędziowskie – stosowania przyjętej przez sądy wykładni praw człowieka. Działanie takie pozytywnie wpływa bowiem na zwiększenie stopnia integracji na kontynencie amerykańskim.

EN

The article presents the issue of the Inter-American System of Human Rights, the bodies which act within this framework and the functions they perform. In the opinion of the author, these international obligations placed on the nations of the Americas to safeguard and implement human rights create some sort of normative legal spectrum. This normativity serves to protect individuals resident in these states and in the event of violations, necessitates negative consequences on the international level. The article highlights the fact that the problem of demographic sensitivity which has characterised the South American continent throughout history played a key role in the development of human rights in this part of the world. This development can be divided into three stages. The first of these dates from the late-1960s, a time when dictatorships proliferated on this continent, and yet it was then that the Inter-American System of Human Rights came into being. During the second stage, dating from the early 1980s, the continent experienced the process of democratisation, which saw attempts to ensure the appropriate effectiveness of the mechanisms for protection being introduced. The third stage, from the late-1990s to the present day, has seen the strengthening of the existing institutions and greater emphasis being placed on the implementation of laws founded on international treaties. The final section of the article attempts to clarify the theory of control of conventionality exercised by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In this context, it is also the obligation of all institutions administering justice, and therefore not merely of those acting as judges, to adopt the interpretations of human rights laws pronounced by the courts. Such action will have a positive impact on integration on the American continent.

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Normy ius cogens w orzeczeniach i opiniach doradczych Międzyamerykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka

65%

Lis E.

Studia Prawnicze

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2017

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issue 2 (210)

31-66

PL

The concept of ius cogens norms is one of the most controversial issue in the international law. These norms were definied in the art. 53 of Vienna Convention on the law of treaties of 1969, according to which ius cogens norm it is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of the international law having the same character. This definition indicates that these norms limit the ability of States of creation or change the norms of the international law. However, the indicated definition does not include examples, scope and substance of ius cogens norms. In the commentary to the art. 50 of the draft articles on the law of treaties the International Law Commission stated that substance of these norms will be worked out in the States’ practice and in the judicial decisions of international courts . Contrary to International Court of Justice Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), in its judicial decisions in great measure widened the scope and the substance of ius cogens norms. Consequently, IACtHR has developed a progressive case law in this realm. In separate opinion, in the case Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago from 2005, judge A.A. Conçado Trindade concluded that the IACtHR, in identification of ius cogens norms, have done more than any other international court. In its judgements and advisory opinions IACtHR recognized that e.g. forced going missing, tortures, discriminations, extrajudicial executions are the infringements of ius cogens norms. Taking into consideration jurisprudence of the IACtHR it is hard to say on what grounds it was prescribed that a given norm is forming a part of ius cogens. This article analyses the way the IACtHR identified ius cogens norms. Therefore it was indispensable to define its competence ratione materiae. Next, taking into consideration the gravity and the nature of infringement and the fact that all infringements of human rights which have been described simultaneously constitute violation of other human rights, this paper is limited only to three of them. It also outlines what functions, in the jurisprudence of IACtHR, fulfil the attribution to the norms the status of ius cogens norms.

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1 Review of European and Comparative Law

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Corruption and Human Rights in the Case Law of Inter-American Human Rights Treaty Bodies

The evolution of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights and the doctrine of conventionality control

Normy ius cogens w orzeczeniach i opiniach doradczych Międzyamerykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka