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EN
The article presents the effects of an attempt to ascertain to what extent the Interinstitutional Agreement on a mandatory transparency register affects the phenomenon of lobbying in the European Union (EU). In order to examine the issue, the concept and essence of lobbying in the EU were introduced. Legal regulations concerning EU lobbying were also identified. A further portion of the article analyses the Interinstitutional Agreement of 20 May 2021 between the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and the European Commission on a mandatory transparency register (IAMTR) in relation to the previously binding Agreement between the Parliament and the European Commission on the transparency register for organisations and self-employed individuals in EU Policy-making and Policy implementation (ATR). The article uses the formal-dogmatic method. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the Interinstitutional Agreement on a mandatory transparency register contains numerous exclusions, both subjective and objective, to registration in the Transparency Register. One positive aspect is the application of the IAMTR to the EU Council also.
EN
Poland and Hungary have been widely recognised as countries affected by illiberalism. This has undoubtedly created a challenging environment for interest groups; groups which are a touchstone for the quality of democratic processes. In this article, we aim to understand how preconditions for interest representation have changed due to illiberal drift through the eyes of interest groups operating in these two selected post-communist countries. In order to examine their perception of opportunity structures, interaction infrastructure as well as the level of political coordination under the new circumstances, we rely on quantitative research in the form of a survey carried out among interest group representatives. Our results indicate that the political systems of Poland and Hungary are still a mix of pluralist and corporatist features, however, the Polish political opportunity structures are still more open to input from civic society and interest groups have stronger positions compared to the situation in Hungary.
PL
Tekst omawia pokrótce historię i rozwój kształcenia ustawicznego w Europie, jak również powołanie przez profesora Pierre’a Vellasa ruchu U3A (uniwersytetów trzeciego wieku). Od czasu powstania ruchu U3A w Wielkiej Brytanii w 1982 roku, nastąpił jego znaczący rozwój. Z roku na rok ruch ten stale się rozwijał, by w 2016 roku celebrować powstanie tysiąca uniwersytetów. W artykule przedyskutowany zostanie zakres możliwości oferowanych uczestnikom uniwersytetów trzeciego wieku oraz korzyści płynące z uczestnictwa, gdzie liczba słuchaczy przekroczyła już 360 000. Fundusz powołał Międzynarodowy Komitet promujący internacjonalny charakter ruchu U3A, współpracujący z Międzynarodowym Stowarzyszeniem Uniwersytetów Trzeciego Wieku (AIUTA) i innymi organizacjami, takimi jak Sojusz Azji i Pacyfiku, w celu wspierania jego rozwoju, i zachęca do wymian, wizyt szkoleniowych, kontaktów partnerskich oraz powiązań na tle językowym między poszczególnymi uniwersytetami trzeciego wieku, a także do uczestnictwa w międzynarodowych wydarzeniach.
EN
The history and development of Lifelong Learning in Europe will be covered briefly together with the founding of the U3A Movement by Professor Pierre Vellas. The development of the U3A Movement in the United Kingdom has been a notable success since its founding in 1982. It has grown steadily every year and will celebrate its One-Thousandth U3A in 2016. The range of opportunities offered to members and the benefits accruing to the whole membership which already exceeds 360000 will be discussed. The Trust has an International Committee which promotes knowledge of the international nature of the U3A Movement, works with AIUTA and other bodies such as the Asia Pacific Alliance, to support its development, and encourages exchanges, study tours, twinning and foreign language links between U3As and attendance at international events.
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