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Przyszłość międzynarodowych trybunałów karnych ad hoc. Strategie zakończenia oraz rozwiązania rezydualne, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem i Międzynarodowego Trybunału Karnego dla byłej Jugosławii

100%
Heidrich D.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2013
|
issue 3
s.159-184
EN
The international criminal ad hoc tribunals were created as an answer to crimes committed in the bloody conflicts of the last decade of the twentieth century. Except for the International Criminal Court, which has a permanent nature, all the ad hoc tribunals were set up as institutions with a limited lifespan. In the beginning of the new century, questions arose about the possible dates of completion of their activities. In 2003, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) worked out the so called Completion Strategies, endorsed by the UN Security Council later that year. These strategies assumed that all activities of the two Tribunals should be finalised by 2010. Yet, even before that date, it became clear that these institutions were overloaded with work and it was unrealistic to hope that they would meet the indicated deadline. In the meantime, another temporary criminal tribunal, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SC-SL) was coming closer to finalising the majority of trials. At that time, it was unclear what steps should be taken regarding the remaining tribunalsé residual functions, which would need to be taken care of even if most of the cases would have been completed. As regards the ICTY and the ICTR, the Security Council, by means of its resolution, determined in December 2010 that the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals would be set up. As far as the SC-SL is concerned, the government of Sierra Leone signed an agreement with the UN (August 2010) to create the Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone. The two recently formed international jurisdictions are supposed to replace the ICTY, the ICTR and the SC-SL (respectively). This article puts emphasis on the International Residual Mechanism for the ad hoc tribunals and attempts to present challenges that international criminal jurisdic¬tions are facing today and are about to face in the future.
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Międzynarodowe sądy karne jako instrumenty kontroli przestrzegania fundamentalnych praw człowieka

61%
Potyrała A.
Przegląd Strategiczny
|
2013
|
issue 2
145-166
EN
Serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law in the 90’s resulted in initiatives aimed at prosecution of persons responsible. Three international criminal tribunals became mechanisms of international post factum control over fundamental human rights. The tribunals have been created to decide about individual responsibility and to punish authors of international crimes. In the article, genesis and concept, as well as effects of the tribunals’ activities are presented. It has been proved that international criminal tribunals promote human rights and human security concepts. However, because of formal and real obstacles concerning fulfillment of their competences, the three tribunals do not contribute to enforcement of human rights protection.
PL
Poważne naruszenia międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego i międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka doprowadziły w latach 90tych XX wieku do urzeczywistnienia inicjatyw mających na celu ścigania i karanie sprawców takich czynów. Trzy powołane wówczas trybunały karne stały się swoistymi mechanizmami międzynarodowej kontroli post factum nad przestrzeganiem fundamentalnych praw przysługujących jednostce. Zostały zobowiązane przede wszystkim do ustalenia odpowiedzialności i ukarania sprawców zbrodni. W artykule ukazano genezę i istota funkcjonowania, a także efekty aktywności trybunałów karnych na rzecz przywracania wiary w fundamentalne prawa człowieka. Udowodniono, że międzynarodowe sądy karne sprzyjają umocnieniu koncepcji ochrony praw człowieka i bezpieczeństwa definiowanego przez pryzmat jednostek, jednak z uwagi na formalne i rzeczywiste przeszkody w realizacji swych kompetencji, nie przyczyniają się do wzmocnienia rzeczywistej ochrony fundamentalnych jednostki.
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