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1

Trends in Political and Economic Cooperation of the Koreas Since the Last Inter-Korean Summit

100%

Buczek L.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2013

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vol. 40

146-159

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestie stosunków między państwami koreańskimi po ostatnim szczycie przywódców. Ewolucję relacji międzykoreańskich można podzielić na okresy, które odzwierciedlają charakter i specyfikę współpracy i rywalizacji między Koreą Północną i Południową. Stosunki międzykoreańskie obejmują zagadnienia, współpracy gospodarczej i kulturalnej oraz dialogu zjednoczeniowego. Warto zauważyć, że wszystkie wymienione obszary wzajemnie się zazębiają. Od „polityki słonecznego zaangażowania” (słoneczna polityka) zainicjowanej przez prezydenta Kim Dae-jung, uznano, że jedną z głównych przeszkód na drodze do zjednoczenia Korei stanowi przepaść w rozwoju gospodarczym między Północą a Południem, dlatego zwiększona współpraca gospodarcza miała być głównym poziomem relacji międzykoreańskich. Mimo niepowodzenia niektórych wspólnych projektów gospodarczych, zainicjowana współpraca, może wzmocnić wzajemne zaufanie oraz „rozszczelnić system polityczny” KRL-D co w konsekwencji umożliwi stopniowe wprowadzanie reform. Należy podkreślić, iż Republika Korei stała się drugim co do wielkości partnerem handlowym KRL-D po Chinach.

EN

This Article concerns relations between the Korean states after the second inter-Korean summit. The evolution of inter-Korean relations can be divided into periods that mirror the nature and specific character of cooperation and rivalry of the two Koreas. Inter-korean dialogue cover the issues of a unification dialogue and an economic and cultural cooperation; it is worth noting that all the mentioned areas of cooperation overlap. Ever since the Sunshine Policy initiated by President Kim Dae-jung, it has become apparent that one of the main obstacles to the unification of the Koreas is the economic gap; therefore, increased economic cooperation was to be sought. Despite the failure of some economic projects, owing to the economic initiatives and increased cooperation, the Korean states have strengthened mutual trust. The Republic of Korea has become the second largest DPRK’s trading partner after China.

2

Protection of the Human Right to Water Under International Law - The Need for a New Legal Framework

100%

Daci J.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2012

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issue 06

71-77

EN

The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements. Indeed, the right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival. Thus, the human right to life doesn’t have any sense without the right to water and other vital human rights that are a pre-condition for human life. Consequently, the enjoyment of the human right to water is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of other basic human rights such as the right to the highest attainable standard of health and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food etc. Nevertheless, today in this era of quasi irreversible clime changes as well as very extensive increase use of natural fresh water resources, their quantity and quality is significantly decreased. From this perspective, the future of the entire mankind depends mostly in the preservation of world natural water resources. However their preservation requires from mankind a new world approach that would include inter alia the following steps: the adoption of a new international treaty on world environmental protection, the establishment of the World Water Authority under UN that would deal with issues such as the protection, management and use of international waters, ICJ shall be empowered with biding jurisdiction to exanimate inter-state disputes over international watercourses, a new international treaty on Artic shall be adapted at least to address environmental concerns, and finally International Humanitarian Law shall address other environmental protection issues raised by enormous development of weapons destruction power including avoidance of loopholes that allow derogations from these treaties obligations. Certainly, any failure to do so, will undoubtedly lead mankind to future massive wars that shall be mostly fought for water rather than for oil.

3

Some Remarks on the Eurocentricism and Imperialism in the Construction of International Law

100%

AMARASINGHE P.

Historia i Świat

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2020

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issue 9

95-111

EN

The modern international law is considered an offshoot of European intellectual contributions as its basic foundation is deeply imbued with the political and social upheavals took place in European history. As an example, the Westphalian order emerged in the culmination of thirty years war in 1648 was regarded as the most pivotal mile stone in modern history of international law. Yet the European domination and its intellectual contribution to the development of international law systematically excluded non-European nations from international law and its protection, which finally paved the path to use international law in the 19th century as a tool of legitimizing the colonial expansion. This paper seeks to trace the historiography of modern international law and its dubious nature of disdaining non-Europeans and their civilizational thinking. Furthermore, this paper argues how European historical encounters carved the map of international law from a vantage point, which gave an utter prominence upon the European intellectual monopoly. The results emerge from this paper will strongly suggest the need of an alternative scholarship to unveil the history of international law.

4

(De-) Regulating the Creative Economy

86%

Neuwirth R.

Creative and Knowledge Society

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2011

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vol. 1

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issue 1

44-62

EN

Drastic changes have occurred throughout the past century and the world community is struggling to find the exact concepts to describe, understand and, possibly, govern them. One of the concepts used to describe these changes is the so-called "creative economy". Even though the concept is becoming more frequently used, it lacks a precise definition and its meaning remains elusive. Moreover, the proliferation of related concepts, such as the "experience economy", the "cultural economy", the "knowledge-based economy" and the "creative and cultural industries", further obscures its precise scope and meaning. These concepts are, however, no less elusive, particularly because they are of a dual or oxymoronic character, which variably combines aspects of culture, creativity and intellectual creation on the one hand with those of the economy, business, trade and commerce on the other.In sum, the conceptual uncertainties also translate into major difficulties in finding appropriate regulatory responses in the sphere of law. The aim of the present article is therefore to cast light on the meaning of the concept of the creative economy with a view to paving the way for its better and more efficient regulation in the legal sphere. To this end, the first part offers a comprehensive interpretative analysis of the "creative economy" with a view to establishing its value to the present global governance debate. Based on the evidence that designates the creative economy as an evolving concept requiring a multidisciplinary model for the formulation of an adequate approach in law- and policymaking, the second part discusses some of the creative economy's major implications in the sphere of law. In this regard, several regulatory examples appear to advocate the abandonment of the conventional in favour of a more holistic method of regulation. The article concludes with some recommendations that are deemed useful for further debate and research in this area, which ultimately may contribute to the formulation of the kind of creative laws that are needed for the successful regulation of the creative economy in the future.

5

Drug Crime segment europeanization

86%

Sedláčková J.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2016

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vol. 6

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issue 1

28-38

EN

Drug crime is clearly increasingly organized especially in trade and production of narcotic and psychotropic substances. Individual members states of the European Union including the Czech Republic and also legislation pervading transnational or national planes, is trying to take the most effective legal means to combat the cited crime. Legal regulations, detection and investigation of that crime must also exhibit certain specifics with regard to their nature. The current legal regulation of drug crime in the Czech Republic is thus intertwined independently with international, EU, but also the national plane. The author in his paper describes to the readers an Europeanisation treatment of drug offenses in the Czech legal order in accordance with the requirements imposed on it by the European Union and international law. She also focuses on its sufficiency– where indeed the legal instruments are blended, wherein it is possible to find flaws. She also reflects the current legal situation in the Czech Republic. She presents to the readers current problems, especially identifying ranges of drugs and related difficulties consequential for the criminal practice.

6

Koncepcja „odpowiedzialności za ochronę” w działaniach prewencyjnych Narodów Zjednoczonych

86%

Lachowski T.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2011

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vol. LXXXIV (84)

167-190

EN

The “post-cold war” world challenges the big issue of new threats to the international security system. Most of them are in connection to the phenomenon of fragile, disintegrated states (known as “failed states”), in which government does not control the state’s territory and deliver political goods to its inhabitants. This situation, when state loses its exclusive right to enforce law on its territory leads to the ongoing internal conflicts generally based on ethnic or religious tensions and threatens the local, regional and, possibly, global security. The paper looks at the matter of preventive diplomacy as one of the most successful tools in preventing the violent conflicts and mass atrocities. Author emphasises the need of the use of the mechanisms of preventive diplomacy not only enshrined in the Charter of The United Nations (mainly in Chapters VI and VIII of the Charter), but also those that can be described as a “measures to build confidence” among members of international community. The paper also examines the existence of the new concept of “The Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) within the tools and mechanisms of prevention. R2P is a holistic concept, which includes responsibility to prevent, react and rebuild, what is more, pointing out the primary responsibility of the state to protect its population and stressing that only if state is unwilling or unable to comply with its obligations of protection, the international community shall act in its place. To conclude, R2P, seen as a historical, new approach of international law, based on the principle that state sovereignty implies responsibility, can become an efficient response to the issue of deadly internal conflicts, especially on the level of prevention.

7

Cybersecurity and International Criminal Law

86%

Bodó B.-I.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 7

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issue 1

110-129

EN

In this paper I thoroughly discuss the possibility of committing crimes which would fall under the Rome Statute, with regards to the very notion of cybersecurity. I conclude that we need extensively empirical research and solution to many aspects pointed out in my paper. First, we need to find an acceptable definition of cybersecurity to work with this process, and in order to understand the world and possibilities it creates for us. Furthermore, the 1998 Rome Statute needs an update, because the world of the internet creates opportunities never seen before, and the international case law is unable to cope with such distinct acts. Therefore, I believe that we need to find the next „Nuremberg Trials”, the next generational solution to a world and crimes never seen before. We need the theoretical and legal revolution which did come after the World World II, and after the ICTY, ICTR and Sierra Leone ad hoc Courts. I truly hope that this short and hence mashup summarizing paper is just an indicator of papers and conferences to come, with solutions and more and more ideas on how we solve these two phased problems, namely having to find 1. An ultimate definition for cybersecurity 2. Having a solution of how to interpret it to the classical notion of International Criminal Law. if we conclude that we are unable to handle this issue, I suggest to create a panel on international or V4 level on either the reorganization of customary international criminal law under the Rome Statute or on the ever-changing definition of cybersecurity.

8

Zasada „rządów (międzynarodowego) prawa” w Polsce – znak . kształtującej się demokracji

86%

Daranowski P.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2010

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vol. LXXXI (81)

31-41

EN

This is the text of a lecture delivered at the conference on „Transiciones Politicas Y Economicas de Chile Y Polonia: Experiancias Compartidas” organized by the International Studies Centre of the Catholic University in Santiago de Chile and by the Embassy of the Republic of Poland in (the Republic of) Chile (03.09.2009). The lecture outlines the process of political changes since foundation of NSZZ Solidarność (the Independent Self- Governing Trade Union Solidarity) in 1980 till 1989 when Poland regained its independence, accompanied by the process of the struggle for ‘the rule of law’ and than – after 1989 – of the development and consolidation of the ‘rule of law’ in the Third Republic of Poland. The ‘rule of law’, whose important dimension was – and after 1989 still is – the inclusion of ratified treaties to the catalogue of the sources of universally binding law of the Republic of Poland. This position of ratified treaties and their superiority over statutes were legitimized expressis verbis by the principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted in 1997. This constitutional solution and its practical implementation provide a substantial evidence of the development of a democratic order in the Republic of Poland.

9

The Methodology of State Succession in the 20th Century

86%

Szávai F.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

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2016

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issue 2

139-148

EN

The dissolution and succession of federal states in the 20th century was heavily influenced by international legislation. If we view it from a methodological perspective, we can see that the dissolution of the Turkish Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was regulated by the peace treaties ending the First World War. The matter was different with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, because the Vienna agreements of international law provided legal measures. The Vienna Convention of 1978 concerns the succession and settlements of pastagreements. The Vienna Convention of 1983 deals with the succession of property and debt. In case of the breakup of a union (integration) it must remain a primary rule that the parties involved must reach an agreement on the distribution of property (archives) and debt. The pertaining Vienna agreement of 1983 has not yet come into force, and it is unlikely that it will in the foreseeable future. Despite the fact that the agreement is left to the parties, it would be desirable to regulate the process with legal means as well. In it, however, economic indicators must have an important role to play which we can see in the presented 20th century examples. On the other hand, political decisions are also present in the distribution of property and debt, in many cases at the expense of economic means. The regulation of the matter would be a common task, because it would prevent the uncertain outcomes of a series of forced decisions and agreements generating disputes just as we can witness their unregulation even today.

10

Italy in the European States System of the Pre-March Period: Some Reflections

72%

Šedivý M.

West Bohemian Historical Review

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2015

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vol. 5

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issue 2

75-90

EN

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the role that Italy played in the European States System in 1830–1848 from a new, more realist perspective paying particular attention to the policy of Metternich’s Austria in the Apennines. As it attempts to prove, from 1830 to 1848 Italy witnessed considerable reluctance on the part of the Great Powers as well as the Italian states themselves to contribute through cooperation and restraint to the strengthening of the pillars that upheld the system. Italy, much like the Ottoman Empire, was an unstable area with dangerous potential for European peace, and it was no accident that the peace restored in 1815 was disturbed for the first time in Western Europe during 1848 in Italy.

11

Międzynarodowe ramy normatywne administracji samorządowej – zarys zagadnienia

58%

Sozański J.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2014

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vol. 14/1

33-55

PL

W międzynarodowych unormowaniach samorządu terytorialnego można wyróżnić standardy zwyczajowe i traktatowe, w tym konwencje o charakterze uniwersalnym, kontynentalnym i regionalnym. Często mylący termin prawo europejskie winien obejmować zarówno normy zwyczajowe, jak i traktatowe o charakterze euroatlantyckim i kontynentalnym, a wśród ostatnich należy eksponować zwłaszcza regulacje Rady Europy i prawa Unii (pośród kilkunastu możliwych do wyróżnienia systemów). Częstym błędem jest nieujmowanie przepisów acquis w kontekście całego systemu UE. Dla ram normatywnych samorządu istotne znaczenie (obok zasad z konwencji prawa człowieka) ma wolność, demokracja, rządy prawa i poszanowanie praw człowieka, a także partycypacja społeczna i społeczeństwo obywatelskie, których reguły, podobne w systemach Rady Europy i UE, wspomagane są także orzecznictwem i normami zwyczajowymi.

EN

There are customary and treaty norms in the international Self-Government regulations, which may have universal, regional and subregional ranges. Term European Law is not correct (precise), because of existence of several different types and ranges of legal systems, among which there are Council of Europe and the European Union orders. Often specificity of the European Union order (including necessary interpretation in acquis context) is forgotten by authors. Basic frame of international regulations of self-government consists of freedom, democracy, rule of law and human rights protection, as well as citizen’s participation (citizen’s community) and informative society, with similar rules in the EU and the Council of Europe systems, enriched by judicial and customary norms.

12

Subsydiowanie konstrukcji i modernizacji portów lotniczych jako wsparcie dla przewoźników – analiza możliwości prawnomiędzynarodowej kontroli

58%

Kociubiński J.

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny

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2017

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vol. 6

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issue 2

37-49

PL

W warunkach globalnej konkurencji na rynku transportu lotniczego kontrola subsydiowania sektora jest zagadnieniem kontrowersyjnym. Warunkiem koniecznym jest z jednej strony istnienie politycznej woli uregulowania kwestii, a z drugiej – stworzenie praktycznie efektywnego mechanizmu kontroli i egzekucji. Można argumentować, że sama istota prawa międzynarodowego uniemożliwia wprowadzenie rozwiązań wystarczająco efektywnych, rozwiązujących problem zaburzenia konkurencji w wyniku subsydiowania niektórych przedsiębiorstw branży. Publiczne finansowanie portów lotniczych, które bywa uznawane za nienależne wsparcie dla przewoźników operujących z danego obiektu stanowi szczególnie referencyjny przykład powyższych trudności. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę możliwości wprowadzenia prawnomiędzynarodowej kontroli pomocy pośredniej, gdzie realnym beneficjentem jest nie tylko adresat środka. Rozważania prowadzone są z perspektywy Unii Europejskiej w kontekście umów bilateralnych zawieranych między UE a państwami trzecimi, dotyczącymi kontroli subsydiów.

EN

The issue of subsidies control in the global air transport market is a controversial one. In order to regulate this sphere, both political consensus of the States involved as well as an effective enforcement mechanism is required. One may even say that the very nature of public international law precludes the introduction of sufficiently effective measures that would prevent competition distortion as a result of subsidization. Public financing of airport infrastructure, which could be considered as granting undue advantage to airlines operating from that hub, serves as a prime example of the above challenges. This paper provides a feasibility analysis of the introduction of a system of international control of indirect subsidies – measures where the recipient is not the sole beneficiary of the aid. The analysis is conducted through the lens of the European concept of State Aid, as introduced in the international agreements between the EU and non-member States.

Refine search results

Trends in Political and Economic Cooperation of the Koreas Since the Last Inter-Korean Summit

Protection of the Human Right to Water Under International Law - The Need for a New Legal Framework

Some Remarks on the Eurocentricism and Imperialism in the Construction of International Law

(De-) Regulating the Creative Economy

Drug Crime segment europeanization

Koncepcja „odpowiedzialności za ochronę” w działaniach prewencyjnych Narodów Zjednoczonych

Cybersecurity and International Criminal Law

Zasada „rządów (międzynarodowego) prawa” w Polsce – znak . kształtującej się demokracji

The Methodology of State Succession in the 20th Century

Italy in the European States System of the Pre-March Period: Some Reflections

Międzynarodowe ramy normatywne administracji samorządowej – zarys zagadnienia

Subsydiowanie konstrukcji i modernizacji portów lotniczych jako wsparcie dla przewoźników – analiza możliwości prawnomiędzynarodowej kontroli