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EN
The aim of the publication was to evaluate the structure of the industry leader by industry and other high-tech industries processing in an industrial context, the purpose of the creation of zones (including the restructuring of industry and the labor market) and the evaluation of potential differences in the territorial system SEZ (with special emphasis Warmia-US-Mazury Special Economic Zone). The W-MSSE authorization to conduct business had 66 companies out of which half of it ran. Dominated by technologically intensive industries based on innovative technology due to which was a strategic investor, Michelin Poland SA The level of capital expenditures amounted to more than 3 billion zł, so created 10 thousand. direct jobs in the area.
PL
Celem artykułu jest oszacowanie opłacalności inwestycji w polisę na życie z ubezpieczeniowym funduszem kapitałowym (UFK). Wycenę polisy oparto na stworzonym produkcie odzwierciedlającym występujące na rynku polisy na życie z UFK. Predykcję wskaźnika polisy wykonano na podstawie autorskiego modelu uwzględniającego indeksy giełd światowych, tj. Dow Jones, DAX, Nikkei, Hang Seng. Analizę oparto na ww. indeksach giełdowych, ponieważ obserwacja zmian tych indeksów jest pośrednio obserwacją koniunktury gospodarczej i atmosfery światowej, co potwierdzają w swoich badaniach liczni naukowcy i ekonomiści.
EN
The aim of this article is to assess the profitability of investments in life insurance with insurance capital fund (unit-linked). Valuation policies designed product was based on prevailing market reflects the life insurance unit-linked. Prediction rate policies were based on proprietary model takes into account the indexes of stock exchanges of the world, ie. The Dow Jones, DAX, Nikkei, Hang Seng. The analysis was based on the above. stock indices, since the observation of changes in these indices is an indirect observation of the economic situation and the atmosphere of the world, as evidenced in their studies, many scientists and economists.
EN
REIT's (Real Estate Investment Trusts) are the safe, well-diversified geographically and by sector real estate funds. There are the privileged income taxation at the REITs level. Their advantages such as low volatility over the long term, fixed income investments, the relatively high dividends, high liquidity, low correlation with the stock market and professional management make them more competitive in comparison with to traditional real estate funds. Global REITs market is constantly evolving. Unfortunately, Poland is not involved in the development of the European REITs market. The experience of countries which have developed REITs could be used by Poland, to create appropriate regulations for the functioning of these funds in Poland.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to present Jules Regnault's theory of speculation. Firstly, the theory of short-term speculation and negative consequences of transactions of this kind are described. In the next part of the article the theory of long-term speculation and two laws of securities prices fluctuations revealed by Regnault are discussed.
EN
Despite the fact that investments of local self-governments has been subject of research and scientific discussions for a long time, the consistent terminological and methodical basis concerning scope, magnitude, dynamics of investments has not been worked out yet. The major aim of the author has been to analyze some of the above issues from the individual point of view. Inclination towards investment of local self-governments can be understood as purposeful decreasing in current consumption, including of the group of individuals, in aimed at increase in wealth in the future. The author proposes synthetic measurements of financial standing of local self-governments and measurements that enable assessment of inclination towards investment level.
EN
The beginning of the 21st century is full of dynamic and multidimentional changes in the world economy. The integration and globalization porcesses happening currently, which have brought about the occurance of new possibilities in the functioning of markets, states and enterprises, can be regard as the most important economic changes. Such processes have posed both new challenges and possibilities of develop ment to them. The aim of the article was to try to describe the changes in the resources of financing investing activities of enterprises, which appeared in the first decade of the 21st century, in the chosen countires of Central and Eastern Europe. The research method was chosen from the point of view of the adopted aim. The research method involved collecting the data coming from the chosen countries and carrying out statistical analysis. The starting point was theoretical consideration on basic possibilities to finance investments taking into consideration the successive stages of the development of an enterprise. In the following part the article attention was focused on the analysis of statistical data charakterizing the sector of small and medium enterprises in relation to access to financial resources. The economies of European Union and Central and Eastern Europe were chosen to be analysed and compared. The following countres are regarded: Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. The article ends with summary showing the integrating economies of Central and Eastern Europe approaching the changes characterisic of European Union economy.
EN
The article discusses some issues regarding the investment activity of the largest companies as compared to all companies operating in Poland. In particular, the analysis focuses on comparing investment activity of companies with foreign capital share and those without such capital. The findings in this study are based on the lists of the largest companies published by the Rzeczpospolita daily and the data published by GUS (Central Statistical Office).
EN
Financing is the main challenge for development of investments of local governments entities in Poland. The aim of the paper is analysis of the sources of investment expenditures financing of local governments of Silesian voivodship with special focus paid on nonrepayable sources. The period of analysis spans from 2006 to 2011. The research was based on data provided by Regional Chamber of Audit (Regionalna Izba Obrachunkowa) in Katowice. The results indicate that the structure of investment expenditiures of particular types of local governments was diversified during the analysed period
EN
The main purpose of this article is to construct an optimal, fundamental portfolio using multivariate compare analysis methods with dynamical parameters. The article consist of two parts. The first part is methodological, and the second is empirical one.
EN
The main purpose of the paper was assessment of the scale of changes in investment expenditures born by local communes considering directions of investments (classification aligned with the classes used for central budget purposes). The research spanned on the period of 2008-2012 being the years of global financial crisis and economic slowdown. The analyses were based on data delivered by RIO and GUS separately for urban, urban-rural and rural communes. The authors measured moreover the similarity between investment share structures for pairs of consecutive years. The assessment of structural changes followed the analysis of share in expenditures on particular classes of economy in total investment expenditures.
EN
The paper aims at identification of motives of implementing intergenerational investment projects by owners of family businesses and the consequences of embracing intergenerational perspective for business and investments valuation. Of special interest are the issues of including emotional valuation along with financial valuation of the company itself and its investments.
PL
W artykule analizie poddano wpływ polskich BIZ na rozwój gospodarczy rejonu jaworow-skiego w obwodzie lwowskim na Ukrainie. Praca charakteryzuje sytuację ekonomiczno-społeczną rejonu jaworowskiego oraz działalność Specjalnej Strefy Ekonomicznej „Jaworów”. Rejon jawo-rowski posiada jeden z największych potencjałów rozwojowych wśród okręgów przemysłowych obwodu lwowskiego. W porównaniu do roku 1999 liczba bezrobotnych w rejonie spadła z pozio-mu 6740 do 2210 w roku 2009. Największy udział w strukturze podmiotów gospodarczych mają przedstawiciele handlu hurtowego i detalicznego (20,9%) oraz przemysłu (20,4%). Bilans 6 lat funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw zlokalizowanych w Specjalnej Strefie Ekonomicznej „Jaworów”, okazał się być dla rejonu korzystny. W ostatnim roku funkcjonowania preferencji podatkowych liczba utworzonych miejsc pracy wynosiła 4299. Liczba osób bezrobotnych w porównaniu z rokiem 1999 zmniejszyła się ponad dwukrotnie. Średnia płaca wzrosła blisko dwukrotnie i w przed-siębiorstwach SSE wynosiła w roku 2005 około 590 UAH. Wartość kapitału zainwestowanego przez polskie BIZ w rejonie na koniec 2009 roku wynosiła 16,9 mln USD, podczas gdy rok wcze-śniej była to rekordowa wartość 19,9 mln USD. Inwestycje te zostały ocenione pozytywnie przez przedstawicieli władz lokalnych, którzy wymienili wiele korzyści wynikających z obecności pol-skiego kapitału na ich terenie: tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy, wzrost poziomu życia, zmniejsze-nie zjawiska wyjazdów do pracy za granicą, przyciąganie nowych inwestorów.
EN
This article is the result of empirical studies, where Polish foreign direct investments in the Lvov Oblast are presented. This is an analysis of the impact of Polish foreign direct investments on the development of the Yavoriv region in the Lvov Oblast. Polish direct investments played an important role in the development of poorly-developed areas in the Yavoriv region. 28 entities were located there, where in 2009, 14 companies were conducting economic activity. In the majority, these were enterprises located in the sector of industry. With capital involvement at the level of USD 16.9 ml (45.2% of all FDi in the region), at the end of 2009 these were employing 956 persons in total. As a result, Polish foreign investments have contributed towards a significant decrease in the number of unemployed and the rate of registered unemployment that dropped from the level of 6,740 persons (9.6%) in 1999 to 2,210 (2.7%) in 2009. With the share of Polish direct investments, sold production in the region was increased in the same period from UAH 99 ml (in 1999) to UAH 1,358.6 ml (in 2009). The example of the Śnieżka-Ukraine company that in the years 2002–2009 contributed UAH 55 ml to the state budget shows that Polish FDI to a large extent feeds the state and regional budgets. In 2009, the five largest Polish investors paid UAH 34.9 ml in taxes, constituting 19.1% of all tax contributions in the region for natural and legal entities. The Yavoriv region is characterised by high indicators of starting new construction works, and the only positive birth rate in the whole of the Lvov Oblast. These measures show that thanks to foreign investments, the residents of this area have permanent employment and social benefits, which allows them to raise families and link their future with the region.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss the real (gross) values of the management fees charged by the investment funds' managing firms in Poland as well as the difference between these values and the published ones on one hand and between them and the respective fees charged by the managing firms in Western European countries on the other. To meet this aim the concept of the real (gross) rate of return on investment funds is presented first. Next the formulas are developed to compute values of this rate of return in terms of simple as well as compound interest rates assuming that the net rate of return of the investment fund as well as the net management fee are known. On that basis the investigated real (gross) values of the management fees are computed for a number of sets of values of investment fund's net rates of return on one hand and the values of the published management fees on the other. These values are presented in the tables attached to the paper. The paper ends with the considerations why investment funds' management fees charged by the managing firms operating on the Polish market are much higher than in Western European economies. Then follow answers and the two related questions: when the management fees on the Polish market will be reduced to the level of western European standards and what are the preconditions for the reduction of the management fees on the Polish market. The main conclusion is that the respective actions of the Polish Government are required to reduce these fees in favour of the whole economy and especially of the individuals. (original abstract)
EN
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of selected investment strategies applied to the Polish stock market. In the research there were taken into consideration strategies formulated in accordance with the technical trading rules, the essence of which is to determine the moments of the generation of buy or sell signals of the financial instruments. In the paper different systems of moving averages were calculated for the selected indexes on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. To evaluate the effectiveness of comparable investment strategies, there are applied common measures of portfolio management quality created on the base of the Capital Asset Pricing Model, as the Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Jensen's index, Sharpe alpha and measures of market timing.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia możliwość adaptacji jednej z metod wtórnego próbkowania - powtarzanej K-składowej walidacji krzyżowej, w odniesieniu do oceny efektywności inwestycyjnej strategii portfelowych. Metoda ta pozwala na wnioskowanie statystyczne w sytuacjach, gdy nie jest znana postać analityczna rozkładu badanej cechy lub postać ta nie pozwala na skuteczne zastosowanie dostępnych metod parametrycznych. Badanie empiryczne, które przeprowadzono w celu potwierdzenia stawianej hipotezy nie wskazuje na fakt, iż należałoby jej zaprzeczyć. Zostało ono wykonane na dużym zbiorze danych historycznych pochodzących z amerykańskiego rynku akcji. Dodatkowo w artykule zaprezentowano również sposoby wyznaczania błędów prognozy mierników efektywności inwestycyjnej podczas stosowania metod wtórnego próbkowania.
EN
This paper presents one of possible adaptations of resampling method - repeated K-fold cross-validation - used for portfolio optimization strategies investment efficiency estimation. This method is very helpful with statistical inference determination in situation when analytical form of distribution is not known or analytical form makes using available parametric methods inefficient. Empirical study was conducted to confirm that aforementioned assumption is true and its results show that there is no support for assertion of its falseness. It was performed on large historical data set from American stock market. Moreover, this article presents how to determine prediction errors for investment efficiency measures applied in resampling methods.
EN
The paper discusses application of stochastic programming approach to the portfolio selection problem involving estimation risk. It focuses on problems aiming at assuring that the portfolio risk does not exceed a given limit with high probability. For solving the problems the sample approximation approach is proposed for which the most important issues like a method used for generating subsamples, setting the correct number of subsamples and empirical confidence level parameter are discussed. As far as the first issue is concerned a bootstrap approach was superior to Monte Carlo method in a simulation study based on returns data of stocks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. For the latter problems it is advised changing the empirical confidence level parameter instead of the number of subsamples to match expected confidence level of the stochastic program. It is also shown that the discussed approach is suitable for investors with high risk aversion.121-136
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza przyczyn, wartości oraz kierunków bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych wypływających z Japonii. Korporacje transnarodowe poszukują za granicą: zasobów, rynków, efektywności działania oraz czynników przewagi strategicznej. W teorii ekonomii motywy dokonywania przez nie bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych wyjaśnił m. in. J.H. Dunning w paradygmacie OLI (ownership, localization, internalization). Zgodnie z nim, im więcej atutów własnościowych (O) dana korporacja posiada, tym ma większą motywację do ich internalizacji (I) i widzi swój większy interes w wykorzystaniu ich poprzez odpowiednią lokalizację (L) swej działalności, stąd chętniej zaangażuje się w inwestowanie za granicą. Przyczyny inwestowania za granicą przez Japończyków były zróżnicowane i zmieniały się w czasie. Należały do nich: silna aprecjacja jena wobec dolara, wysoka stopa wzrostu realnych płac w Japonii, nadwyżka handlowa Japonii, która wywołała naciski partnerów handlowych na ograniczenie eksportu i podjęcie produkcji w ich krajach, obfitość kapitału na rynku krajowym (wysoki poziom oszczędności wewnętrznych), niski poziom realnych stóp procentowych (małe zainteresowanie lokatą kapitału w kraju), wreszcie poszukiwanie tańszych miejsc produkcji. Jeśli chodzi o wartość japońskich bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych, zaczęła ona dynamicznie rosnąć od połowy lat 80. i trend wzrostowy trwa do dziś. Kumulacja nastąpiła w 2008 roku, kiedy roczna wartość strumienia przekroczyła 130 mld dolarów. Warto zwrócić uwagę, iż w okresach recesyjnych - lata 90., światowy kryzys finansowy po 2008 roku - wartość japońskich inwestycji bezpośrednich ulegała znaczącym wahaniom. W latach 70. kapitał japoński płynął z porównywalną siłą do krajów azjatyckich i do USA. W latach 80. głównym odbiorą japońskich inwestycji zagranicznych zostały Stany Zjednoczone, a na drugie miejsce wysunęły się kraje europejskie. Po 2005 roku czołowym regionem lokacji japońskich inwestycji stały się państwa azjatyckie, wśród których czołową pozycję zajmują Chiny.
EN
This article aims to analyze the causes, value and directions of the Japanese outward foreign direct investments. Transnational corporations investing abroad are looking for: resources, new markets, the efficiency as well as for the strategic advantage. In an economic theory, the reasons of investing abroad were explained - among others - by J.H. Dunning in his OLI (ownership, localization, internalization) paradigm. The more advantage of ownership (O) the corporation has, a bigger incentive it has to internalize (I) it and to utilize it by the appropriate location (L), hence it is more likely to engage in investing abroad. There were several reasons to invest abroad by Japan and they changed over time. These included: the strong appreciation of the yen against the US dollar, the high rate of growth of real wages in Japan, the Japan's trade surplus, which caused the pressure of foreign partners to reduce exports and undertake the production in their countries, the abundance of capital in the domestic market (a high level of internal savings), the low level of real interest rates (little interest in capital investment on local market), and finally the search for less expensive production sites. When it comes to the value of Japanese foreign direct investments, it began to grow rapidly since the mid-80s, and the trend continues till today. The pick occurred in 2008, when the annual value of the stream exceeded 130 bln US dollars. It is worth noting that during recessions - in the 90s or during the global financial crisis after 2008 - the value of Japanese foreign direct investments fluctuated substantially. In the 70s, the Japanese capital was located equally in Asian countries and in the United States. In the 80s the main collector of the Japanese FDI's were the United States, and then the European countries as a second biggest destination. After 2005, the Asian countries have become the leading region of Japanese FDI's location, and China occupies the leading position among them.
EN
This article demonstrates the validity of the technical analysis in making an investment decision on the Forex market. Moreover, it evaluates the effectiveness of the tools used. The article suggests a not yet widely recognized Forex market to be an alternative to a conventional stock market in the event of economic decline.
EN
This paper verifies the replication efficiency of the ETF (Exchange - Traded Fund), which should replicate the index of twenty largest companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG20). It also tries to explain the source of occurring variations.
PL
Celem pracy jest ukazanie istoty kosztu kapitału inwestycyjnego w przedsiębiorstwie oraz oddziaływania podatków na tle zasady neutralności podatku. Jako metody badawcze zastosowano badanie literatury, norm prawa podatkowego oraz orzecznictwa sądowego. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań przedstawiono istotę podatkowego ujęcia kosztu kapitału inwestycyjnego w świetle teorii podatku. Wartością dodaną publikacji jest oryginalne przedstawienie podatkowego aspektu kosztu kapitału inwestycyjnego w kontekście zasady neutralności podatku.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the essence of the capital investment cost in the company, the impact of taxes on the tax neutrality principle basis. Author used study of literature, standards of tax law and judicial decisions as her methods. The research presents the essence of the tax cost of investment capital in the science of finance and the tax theory. Value of paper is the original presentation of the tax aspects of investment capital cost in context of the tax neutrality principle.
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