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EN
The name the Irish Republican Army (IRA) first appeared in the news on August the 30th, 1919. This is when the sworn armed groups fighting in the Irish War of Independence 1919-1921, first, with the British police forces, and then with the regular army, were given that name. The organisation of the IRA of that time can be described, as seen from the perspective of the experiences of the 20th century, as an armed partisan structure, and oriented towards the national independence aspect, practically the first such organization in 20th century Europe. However, a considerable number of British, but also Irish, academics, journalists, and especially politicians, considered the IRA as a terrorist organisation. This statement, however, practically ends any discussion. It means disregarding the individual motivations of the armed Republicans, but, especially, ignoring the political-legal context of the acts of violence. Indeed, it is very difficult to distinguish terror, based on the ideological and political criteria, from the struggle for national liberation par excellence. This distinction has no chance of receiving a fully objective interpretation, especially by the politicians. However, the supporters, and/or performers of these actions, always use the ideological arguments, overusing them intentionally. The substantive coverage of the considerations presented here is characterized by two deliberately selected approaches, namely the chronological and the factual ones. Thus the last one hundred years’ epoch remains a background for the proposed narration regarding the facts and events which remain the objects for reflections put forward in the article. The narration focuses on research issues which refer to the analysis of, successively: 1/ interdependencies of Nationalism and Republicanism in the Irish tradition, 2/ the violence perceived as partisan or terrorist activeness in historical, contemporary, and spatial contexts, 3/ the Irish nation’s alterations in chronological perspective, 4/ the author’s typology of premises for military resistance and its exemplification.
PL
Zaangażowanie zbrojne w konflikt wewnętrzny w Irlandii Północnej zmusiło cywilne oraz wojskowe służby wywiadowcze Wielkiej Brytani do wypracowania nowych rozwiązań organizacyjnych oraz metod działania. Szczególną rolę w działaniach wywiadowczych oraz rozpoznawczych, w ramach prowadzonej oficjalnie niemal do końca pierwszej dekady XXI w. operacji antyterrorystycznej w Ulsterze, odgrywały wyspecjalizowane formacje wojskowe. Podczas brytyjskiego zaangażowania w Irlandii Północnej okazało się, jak wielkie znaczenie w procesie pozyskiwania wiedzy wywiadowczej odgrywają przedsięwzięcia realizowane na poziomie taktycznym przez różnorodne pododdziały i oddziały "zwykłych" liniowych jednostek. Różnorodność stosowanych metod wywiadowczych i rozpoznawczych oraz skala zaangażowani sił i środków nie przyczyniły się jednak do osiągnięcia celów adekwatnych do potrzeb i założeń. Brytyjczycy ponieśli porażkę w walce informacyjnej z strukturami Irlandzkiej Armii Republikańskiej (IRA), ponieważ wymagała ona współdziałania i współpracy z społecznością katolicką, a ta bezwarunkowo i z ogromną determinacją wspierał zbrojne wysiłki IRA.
EN
The involvement in the internal armed conflict in Northern Ireland forced the civilian and military intelligence services of the United Kingdom to develop new organizational solutions and methods of operation. A special role in intelligence and reconnaissance actions, conducted as part of the anti-terrorist operation in Ulster (officially carried out almost until the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century) was played by specialized military formations. The British military engagement in Northern Ireland proved the importance for the process of collecting information of undertakings carried out at the tactical level by different subunits and units of regular front-line troops. The variety of intelligence and reconnaissance methods and the scale of engagement did not contribute to the achievement of objectives adequate to the needs and goals. The British were defeated in the information battle against the structures of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), because it required the cooperation and collaboration with the Catholic community that unconditionally and with great determination supported the armed efforts of the IRA.
EN
The goal of the article is to explore the Irish Catholic Church contribution to the peace process and negotiations between the British and the Irish side of the war. The article examines the issue of the relations between the Irish republican movement and the Catholic Church in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century as well as the topic of catholic clergy participation in the diplomatic actions of the era. The sources for this analysis were testimonies of the events’ participants collected by the Irish Bureau of Military History.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie udziału katolickiego duchowieństwa w procesie pokojowym i pertraktacjach między stroną brytyjską a stroną irlandzką podczas wojny o niepodległość Irlandii. Analizie została również poddana problematyka relacji między irlandzkim ruchem republikańskim a Kościołem katolickim na przestrzeni XIX i początku XX w. oraz kwestia udziału duchowieństwa katolickiego w działaniach dyplomatycznych tego okresu. Źródła do badań stanowią zeznania uczestników wydarzeń zebrane przez Biuro Historii Militarnej Irlandii.
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