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EN
Synge, with his “fully-flavoured” Hiberno-English established a tradition of Irish theatrical eloquence that has come down into the contemporary period in the lyrical fluencies of Brian Friel, the vatic speech of Frank McGuinness and the Midlands poeticism of Marina Carr. Tom Murphy, however, set a different sort of precedent, resistant to such eloquence, forging a stage speech instead from the broken language of the inarticulate. The aim of this paper is to explore the rejection of ‘poetry talk’ in contemporary Irish drama, and the various ideolects created by Billy Roche, Conor McPherson, Martin McDonagh, Mark O’Rowe and Enda Walsh.
EN
While the momentous Good Friday Agreement of 1998 was welcomed by many, others firmly said ‘No’, perhaps none more adamantly than the men and women involved in Loyalist paramilitary organizations. As Gary Mitchell depicts in his plays As the Beast Sleeps and Trust, the traditional roles of the UDA and other Loyalist paramilitary organizations were forced to undergo abrupt changes in the wake of modern promises of peace and prosperity. As politics become more predominant, the foot soldiers of the past were forced to make a choice as to whether or not they would continue the armed struggle or give way to the terms of the Agreement. The clash between the armalite and the ballot box, Mitchell suggests in these plays, has not yet been settled.
PL
W artykule podjęta została próba analizy dramatu W.B. Yeatsa The Words upon the Window Pane (1930), w którym irlandzki pisarz i poeta prezentuje własną interpretację postaci Jonathana Swifta oraz relacji z dwoma najważniejszymi towarzyszkami jego życia. Autorka przedstawia dziekana katedry Św. Patryka w Dublinie jako figurę literacką, ukształtowaną na potrzeby tego dramatu przez Yeatsa. Za pośrednictwem tak wymyślonej maski, czy też alter ego, Yeats oddaje własne doświadczenie starości oraz twórczego i osobistego niespełnienia. Zarówno postać Swifta, jak i Yeatsa wpisane zostają w rozważania na temat cielesnej i duchowej ascezy oraz powiązane z problematyką seksualności, cielesności i pożądania. Autorka stawia tezę, iż właśnie ta sztuka stanowi punkt zwrotny w późnej twórczości Yeatsa, w której szczególną uwagę poświęca się doświadczeniu nadprzyrodzonemu oraz sposobom ukazywania motywów zaczerpniętych z irlandzkiej tradycji literackiej za pośrednictwem realistycznej formy nawiązującej do pisarstwa Ibsena.
PL
Artykuł omawia dwie sztuki autorstwa Anne Devlin, przedstawiające losy kobiet w zdominowanym przez mężczyzn oraz naznaczonym piętnem politycznej przemocy społeczeństwie Irlandii Północnej. Autorka wykorzystuje teorie feministyczne oraz posługuje się odniesieniami biblijnymi, by pokazać, w jaki sposób ukazywany jest w tych utworach proces kształtowania się kobiecej tożsamości w jej wymiarze indywidualnym i społecznym. Przy okazji autorka wpisuje omawiane utwory w szersze spektrum literatury irlandzkiej, postulując jednocześnie zmianę paradygmatu interpretacyjnego, który do tej pory zdominowany był zarówno przez literackie reprezentacje męskich postaci, jak i przez wpływ męskiej krytyki teatralnej i literackiej.
EN
The article traces the lives of the daughter of the landed class in the West of Ireland, Constance Gore Booth and a son of a Polish aristocratic family, Casimir Markievicz. She, the future Irish revolutionary, he a painter and playwright, through marriage and fruitful collaboration, managed for a period of time to mingle politics and art as well as the political and historical experiences of the Polish and Irish nations. The article traces these mutual interconnections, by looking at a number of plays and paintings by Casimir Markievicz and by analyzing the political and social engagements carried out by Constance Gore Booth. In case of Markievicz and his plays the article interestingly shows how he was able to connect the contemporary, Ibsenian, form of what was then called “New Drama” with coded messages concerning the current politics and his own political views. What is more, Arrington carefully traces the elements of the thesis play and melodrama in his works, reconstructing from authentic reviews of the period the impact they made both on the reviewers and political commentators of the day. Additionally, the article not only paints an interesting picture of the literary Dublin of the inter-war period but also shows how Markievicz’s writing refers to and borrows from the canonical works of such playwrights as Synge, Yeats and Lady Gregory.
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Samuel Beckett and Ireland

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PL
Artykuł stanowi bardzo obszerne i szczegółowe studium złożonych relacji Becketta z Irlandią jako krajem oraz z irlandzkością pojmowaną jako stan ducha. Autorka wyczerpująco omawia fakty biograficzne, wypowiedzi Becketta oraz krytyków, a także same dramaty, aby oddać całą niejednoznaczność i nerwowość relacji autora Czekając na Godota do własnego kraju. Przy okazji artykuł staje się wyczerpującym wprowadzeniem do całej twórczości Irlandczyka, wskazując jednocześnie na tak ważne elementy jego dzieła i krytycznej recepcji, jak: problem języka, problem przekładu czy rolę biografii w kształtowaniu się twórczości tego autora.
EN
The article analyses the motifs of faith, sacrifice and transcendence as well as a variety of methods in which they are represented in the dramatic works of W.B. Yeats. The article also tackles the difficult theme of creating national myths through dramatic and political activity that Yeats was so keen to engage with. Additionally, Wąchocka discusses the mythological imagination in Yeats’s drama in the context of the Celtic mythological tradition, pointing to how certain motifs and subjects (especially lives of gods and heroes) find their way into his plays. Wąchocka pays particular attention to the irrational, subconscious elements in Yeats’s work, identifying a variety of traditions he was drawing his inspiration from. The article also discusses the topic of reincarnation, and the theme of return to life of Yeats’s heroes, and interprets images and symbols used to represent them.
EN
The article traces the history of the Polish premiere and an early reception of J.M. Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World. The author draws attention to similarities between Irish and Polish political and historical situations in which the plays premiered, respectively, in 1907 and in 1913. Firstly, Keane concentrates on analyzing the translator’s strategy in rendering the difficult Hyberno-English dialect present in Synge’s play. The translator, Florian Sobieniowski, chose to render the specific diction of the play using the poetic language of the Young Poland movement. He also modelled his translation on the language and partly the imagery of Stanislaw Wyspianski’s acclaimed play The Wedding (Wesele, 1901). Keane discusses some of the translator’s choices and provides the summary of the critical response to what he terms the acculturation policy of the translator. Analyzing fragments of most characteristic reviews of the Polish premiere of Synge’s play, Keane discusses the presence of cultural stereotyping and the reactions to acculturation in the Polish theatre and culture.
EN
Often regarded as purely utilitarian messages with no artistic value in themselves, stage directions are a neglected aspect of theatre studies. This paper seeks to answer the questions “Who speaks in stage directions? How? To whom?”. Looby examines the nature of the speaker, the addressee and their relationship by examining the evolution of stage directions through Shaw, O’Casey and Beckett. However, the paper concentrates primarily on stage directions in Brian Friel’s Translations, arguing that they have an artistic form and function related to the theme of the play and going beyond mere technical instructions to the production crew.
EN
The traditional definition of Irishness has been overwritten by internationalization, cultural and political discourses. Globalisation today sets the ground for the redefinition of a “new Ireland” altering the ethnocultural base to the definitions of Irish national identity. Recent cultural criticism on modern Irish studies have described the Irish nation as undergoing moments of crisis and instability within a global context. This paper explores and analyzes the process by which literary dramatic works dealing with Irish national distinctiveness have been put subject to being written and re-written as the Irish nation passes through periods of instabilities and problematisations. Ireland has been affected by conflicting narratives and needed to move “towards a new configuration of identities” (Kearney, 1997, p. 15). Edward W. Said comments on this fracturing of identity as “human reality is constantly being made and unmade” (1979, p. 33). The attempt Irish playwrights have made to address factors affecting Irishness and the violent assertion of national identity addressed in this paper, are considered within a post-nationalist and post-colonial context of dramatic works.
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