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Oktant morski Isaaca Newtona

100%
Rodzeń J.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
|
2020
|
vol. 65
|
issue 3
77–94
EN
Isaac Newton is known primarily as an outstanding mathematician and physicist. Less known are his interests in alchemy, theology, and history. Yet, we still know very little about his interest in engineering and about how he designed and created several scientific instruments (e.g. a variant of the reflecting telescope, a variant of the rotary slide rule). Among them, there is also a navigational octant built by Newton in 1699. This device is an example of an ingenious solution in the field of early modern catadioptrical instruments.
2
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Metodologia badań naukowych. O wiedzy i prawdzie w naukach ekonomicznych

71%
Karczmarek T. T.
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
|
2010
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issue 2(29)
13-27
EN
The essay I am presenting to the readers is a contribution to the methodology of scientific research, especially in the economic sciences. I wonder who scientists are and what broadly comprehended science means. Discussing these ideas I move to defining basic structures of science and next to characterizing the incorrect conceptions of scientific methods. It is a very important issue, especially as with the multiplicity of universities in Poland, in “closed” circles, pseudo-scientific groups are created, especially in the field of the so-called financial engineering or computational finance. That is why I mention F. Bacon’s theory of Idols and inductive reasoning. Finally, I recall Isaac Newton’s position on hypotheses and reductionism. I dedicate Karl Popper’s falsification, i.e. a kind of reasoning called verification, especially to young scientists. The above-mentioned reflections lead me to an issue of knowledge and truth. This way I come to a conclusion that the essence of truth is conformity of thoughts and believes with reality. I hope that my reflections will motivate the generation of young scientists to carry out competent and diligent research in the new century of omnipresent globalization.
3
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Henry More's "Spirit of Nature" and Newton's aether

67%
Joseph J.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2016
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vol. 38
|
issue 3
337-358
EN
The paper presents the notion of “Spirit of Nature” in Henry More and describes its position within More’s philosophical system. Through a thorough analysis, it tries to show in what respects it can be considered a scientific object (especially taking into account the goals of More’s natural philosophy) and in what respects it cannot. In the second part of this paper, More’s “Spirit of Nature” is compared to Newton’s various attempts at presenting a metaphysical cause of the force of gravity, using the similarities between the two to see this notorious problem of Newton scholarship in a new light. One thus sees that if Newton drew from Stoic and Neo-Platonic theories of aether or soul of the world, we need to fully acknowledge the fact that these substances were traditionally of a non-dualistic, half-corporeal, half-spiritual nature. Both More’s “Spirit of Nature” and Newton’s aether can thus be understood as different attempts at incorporating such a pneumatic theory into the framework of modern physics, as it was then being formed.
CS
Příspěvek představuje pojem Spirit of Nature u  Henryho Mora a  jeho pozici v  rámci Morova filosofi ckého systému. Důkladnou analýzou se pokouší ukázat, v jakých ohledech je možné jej (s  ohledem na  cíle Morovy přírodní filosofi e) považovat za  vědecký objekt a v jakých nikoli. Následně se pokouší na  základě podobností Morova Spirit of Nature s  Newtonovými pokusy o metafyzické vysvětlení příčiny gravitační síly nabídnout nový vhled do této v rámci newtonovských bádání zásadní otázky. Ukazuje se totiž, že pokud Newton čerpal ze stoických a  novoplatónských teorií éteru a  světové duše, je třeba vzít v  potaz silně nedualistické, tělesně-duchovní pojetí těchto substancí. Spirit of Nature i  Newtonův éter by tak bylo možné chápat pouze jako různé pokusy, jak takovéto tradiční pojetí pneumatu začlenit do rodící se moderní fyziky.
4
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W stronę odnowionego wizerunku Newtona

48%
Rodzeń J.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
|
2019
|
issue 66
310-316
EN
Book review: Niccolò Guicciardini, Isaac Newton and Natural Philosophy, Reaktion Books, London 2018, ss. 268.
PL
Recenzja książki: Niccolò Guicciardini, Isaac Newton and Natural Philosophy, Reaktion Books, London 2018, ss. 268.
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