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PL
Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie powstania ruchu radykalnych islamistów na terytorium niepodległego Uzbekistanu, szczególnie w czasie rządów Isłama Karimowa, ostatniego przywódcy Socjalistycznej Republiki Uzbekistanu i zarazem pierwszego Prezydenta kraju. W artykule przeanalizowano liczne pozycje zagraniczne, szczególnie raporty związane z działalnością terrorystyczną organizacji islamskich w Azji Centralnej. Autor pragnie odpowiedzieć na pytanie, na czym polega różnica w polityce wobec religii Karimowa, a Shavkata Mirziyoyeva, który został Prezydentem po śmierci autorytarnego władcy. Różnica jasno pokazała, że zmiana polityki na bardziej liberalną pozwoliła zmniejszyć zagrożenie terrorystyczne w kraju.
EN
The article aims to present the origins of the radical Islamist movement on the territory of independent Uzbekistan, especially during the rule of Islam Karimov, the last leader of the Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan and the first President of the country. The article analyzes numerous foreign articles, especially reports related to the terrorist activities of Islamic organizations in Central Asia. The author wants to answer the question of what is the difference in the policy towards religion between Karimov and Shavkat Mirziyoyev, who became President after the death of the authoritarian ruler. The difference clearly showed that the change to a more liberal policy made it possible to reduce the terrorist threat in the country.
Zoon Politikon
|
2017
|
issue 8
313-338
PL
Powstanie w czerwcu 2014 r. tak zwanego Państwa Islamskiego (Daesh) na terenie Iraku i Syrii, w szczególności zaś jego szybkie sukcesy terytorialne, w tym poparcie, jakim zaczęło się Daesh cieszyć wśród niektórych środowisk radykalnych na Bliskim Wschodzie, ale i w wielu państwach Europy, było szokiem zarówno dla establishmentów rządzących w regionie, jak i dla przywódców Zachodu. W celu zapobieżenia rozszerzenia się Daesh na kolejne państwa regionu administracja Baracka Obamy zorganizowała Globalna Koalicję Przeciwko Daesh. W działania przeciwko Deash włączyła się również Rosja oraz Iran, jednak głównym celem obu krajów jest zapobieżenie upadku reżimu w Damaszku. Utrata przez Daesh większości terytorium w 2017 r. nie oznacza wyeliminowania tej organizacji w tym radykalizmu z Bliskiego Wschodu. Pojawiły się natomiast nowe punkty zapalne, w tym związane z kwestią kurdyjską, jak również problem powrotów zradykalizowanych bojowników do krajów pochodzenia.
EN
The establishment in June 2014 of the so-called Islamic State (Daesh) in Iraq and Syria, in particular its rapid success territorial, including support, which began Daesh enjoying among some circles of radical Middle East, but also in many European countries, it was a shock for both for of the establishment's rulers in the region and for Western leaders. In order to prevent Daesh from spreading to other countries in the region, Barack Obama's administration organized a Global Coalition Against Daesh. In these actions against the spread of Daesh Russia and Iran was also included, but the main goal of both countries is to prevent the fall of the regime in Damascus. The loss by Daesh majority territory in 2017 does not mean the elimination of the organization radicalism of the Middle East. There are however some new flashpoints, including those related to the Kurdish issue, as well as the problem of radicalized fighters returning to their countries of origin.
EN
Within two years of intense activity, the Islamic State has grown to become the most dangerous Islamic terrorist organization, able to administer a quasi-state, established by it in Syria and Iraq. The success of the Islamic State became possible due to the well- organized propaganda. The idea of a state governed by the principles of Sharia law also seduced Islamic radicals in: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Islamic radicalism in the Balkans developed during the civil war of 1992-1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was due to thousands of mujahedeen fighting on the side of the Bosnian army and Arab charity organizations that the Salafist ideology was distributed before spreading among the young generation of Bosnian and Kosovar Muslims, disappointed with socio-political processes after the war. Following the attacks on the World Trade Center, Bosnian Salafists limited their activities to sharing their ideology in selected mosques. The emergence of the Caliphate and the war in Syria and Iraq gave a new impulse to the continuation of the Holy War in the Middle East and reinvigorated fundamentalists in the Balkans. The Balkan Daesh militants, trained in Bosnian and Kosovar villages, are fighting in Syria and Iraq. They move freely between the Middle East and the Balkans. Trained in the techniques of guerrilla warfare and carrying out their activities underground, they pose a real threat to the communities to which they return. They participate in the preparation of terrorist attacks in Europe.
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