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1
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Działalność pszczelarska we włoskim systemie prawnym

100%
Różański K.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
|
2018
|
issue 2(23)
171-181
IT
L’articolo si propone di approfondire le regolazioni italiane e il contributo della dottrina riguardo all’apicoltura. La struttura dello studio tiene conto della legge n. 313 del 24 dicembre 2004 sull’apicoltura, di cui l’articolo 3, regolando il suo carattere agricolo, la qualifica come attività agricola alla luce dell’art. 2135 cod. civ. Ad attività agricola connessa viene ricondotta anche l’apicoltura migratoria che comporta il movimento delle api in varie regioni del paese al fine di aumentare la produttività delle colture. Inoltre, la legge n. 313 introduce definizioni giuridiche degli istituti di base relative all’apicoltura nonché forme di tutela e sostegno a questa attività, compresi i soggetti che operano nel settore. Le soluzioni adottate dal legislatore italiano costituiscono un interessante materiale di studio per il legislatore polacco in merito alla possibilità di introdurre eventuali modifiche nelle regolazioni nazionali del settore in oggetto.
EN
The aim of the article was to familiarise the readers with the Italian regulations and doctrine concerning beekeeping. The systematics contained in Act No. 313 of 24 December 2004 on apiculture has been analysed. Article 3 of this Act determines the agricultural character of the apiculture activity, qualifying it as an agricultural activity in the light of Article 2135 of the Civil Code. Migratory beekeeping, also classified as a related agricultural activity, consists in the relocation of bees to different regions of the country in order to increase crop productivity. Further, Act No. 313 provides legal definitions of basic institutions related to apiculture and introduces various forms of protection and support for this activity, including those from the apiculture sector. The solutions adopted by the Italian legislator constitute an interesting material for the Polish legislator to examine with regard to the possibility of introducing amendments to the regulation of the domestic beekeeping sector.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie włoskich przepisów i doktryny dotyczącej pszczelarstwa. Przeanalizowano systematykę zawartą w ustawie nr 313 z dnia 24 grudnia 2004 r. o pszczelarstwie. Art. 3 tej ustawy określa rolniczy charakter działalności pszczelarskiej, kwalifikując ją jako działalność rolniczą w świetle art. 2135 Kodeksu cywilnego. Pszczelarstwo wędrowne, zaliczane do pokrewnej działalności rolniczej, polega na przenoszeniu pszczół do różnych regionów kraju w celu zwiększenia produktywności upraw. Ponadto ustawa nr 313 zawiera definicje prawne podstawowych instytucji związanych z pszczelarstwem oraz wprowadza różne formy ochrony i wsparcia tej działalności, w tym z sektora pszczelarskiego. Przyjęte przez ustawodawcę włoskiego rozwiązania stanowią interesujący materiał do badań dla polskiego ustawodawcy pod kątem możliwości wprowadzenia zmian w regulacji krajowego sektora pszczelarskiego.
2
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The scope of standardization of the protection of national colors in the Polish law, the Italian law and the Community legislation

99%
Zych R.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2018
|
issue 1 (41)
127-152
EN
In the face of the European integration, the legal protection of national symbols enjoys momentous significance. The present turbulent times and numerous conflicts, the etiology of which is – e.g. social or political in nature – require an attempt to make a scientific overview of the situation. In this article I will examine the scope of standardization of the protection of national colors in the Polish law, the Italian law and the Community legislation. The study takes into account the historical and contemporary judicial decisions. I will try to answer the question whether the scope of protection of the Community colors in the Polish law is sufficient? The analysis of the examined normative acts has led me to the conclusion that the Polish legislator, after the restoration of independent statehood, attached a great importance to the normative grounds ensuring protection of colors of the national symbols. The Italian constitutional adjustment, compared to the Polish one in the scope of the national colors, is very sparse. Aside from the Community rules, each member state – as a result of historical development – has developed its own model of protection. The colors of the European Union are not expressly protected under the Polish normative regulations. However, de lege ferenda, I reckon that for the interests of legal certainty, the legal status in this field should be amended and relevant norms should be laid down.
PL
W obliczu integracji europejskiej, doniosłego znaczenia nabiera prawna ochrona symboli narodowych. Współczesne czasy nie są spokojne. Liczne konflikty, których etiologia ma charakter społeczny, polityczny, nakazują próbę dokonania scjentystycznego oglądu sytuacji. W niniejszym artykule zbadam zakres normowania ochrony barw narodowych w prawie polskim i włoskim oraz wspólnotowym. W badaniach uwzględnię historyczne i współczesne orzecznictwo sądowe. Spróbuję udzielić odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, czy na gruncie prawa polskiego zakres ochrony barw wspólnotowych jest wystarczający? Analiza zbadanych aktów normatywnych doprowadziła mnie do wniosku o tym, że polski prawodawca po odzyskaniu niepodległego bytu państwowego przywiązywał dużą wagę do normatywnych podstaw mających zapewnić ochronę barwom jako symbolom narodowym. Włoska regulacja konstytucyjna, w porównaniu do polskiej, w zakresie barw narodowych jest bardzo skąpa. Pomimo regulacji wspólnotowej, każde z państw członkowskich – na skutek rozwoju historycznego – wykształciło własny model tej ochrony. Barwy Unii Europejskiej nie są expressis verbis chronione na gruncie polskich regulacji normatywnych. Moim zdaniem, de lege ferenda, dla pewności obrotu prawnego, należałoby stan prawny w tym zakresie zmienić i stosowne normy subrogować.
3
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Legal status of farmers involved in short food supply chains, a comparative study

99%
Kapała A. M.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2022
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vol. 48
|
issue 1
43-65
EN
The legal status of farmers involved in food marketing is not determined by the EU legislator, however, EU policy encourages farmers’ participation in short food supply chains. The article aims to determine whether a farmer selling his products, both processed and unprocessed is subject to a favourable legal regime intended for the agricultural sector, or whether this activity qualifies him as a commercial entrepreneur. The legislation of three EU Member States and the law of the USA were subject to a comparative legal analysis, based on the dogmatic method. The study found that under the EU Member States’ law, farmers involved in short food supply chains are granted a privileged agricultural status, which certainly strengthens their market position in competition with food businesses and big retailers and is an incentive to undertake and conduct the activity of agri-food marketing. In turn, under American law, agricultural activity and direct marketing are economic activities that cause farmers to operate within a business as an entrepreneur. The main tool to support the participation of US farmers in short food supply chains is financial programmes offering incentives to direct marketing. It was concluded that the systemic legal solutions, as in the presented legislation of the EU countries, in contrast to aid programmes, provides farmers with favourable conditions in the long term, without additional bureaucracy and the need to fill out documents and applications, thus giving them a sense of confidence and stability in engaging in food direct marketing.
4
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Legal status of direct sales of agricultural and food products in the legislation of selected EU Member States

86%
Kapała A.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
|
2020
|
issue 1(26)
65-77
PL
The purpose of the discussion presented in the article was to determine the legal status of direct sale of agricultural and food products and its place in the agricultural activity in the legislation of selected EU Member States: Poland, Italy, and France. The considerations show that each legislator has chosen a different way of determining the legal status of this activity, though with a view to a similar ratio legis, which is to support it by enabling and facilitating farmers involvement. In Polish law, “agricultural retail sale” is outside the narrow definition of agricultural activity. It is not, however, subject to the provisions of business law provided it meets the conditions specified in law. Italian law defines the status of direct sales explicitly as agricultural, situating them among connected agricultural activities carried out by the agricultural entrepreneur. The detailed criteria for its connection with the agricultural activity by nature constitute a separate special regulation. In French law, thanks to the broad definition of agricultural activity, the place of direct sale as an agricultural activity par relation which is an extension of the act of production, is defined by case-law.
IT
L’articolo si propone di stabilire lo status giuridico della vendita diretta dei prodotti agricoli e alimentari nella legislazione di alcuni Stati membri scelti, cioè in Polonia, Italia e Francia; compresa la collocazione della stessa nel settore dell'attività agricola. Le considerazioni svolte mettono in rilievo il fatto che ciascun legislatore ha scelto un modo diverso di definire lo status giuridico dell’attività in oggetto, anche se mosso da una ratio legis simile, cioè dal voler sostenerla dando agli agricoltori la possibilità di svolgerla e facilitandone lo svolgimento. Nel diritto polacco, la vendita diretta, definita come un “commercio agricolo al dettaglio”, non rientra nella definizione ristretta di attività agricola. Essa non è soggetta nemmeno al diritto economico, sempre se soddisfa le condizioni stabilite dalla legge. Il diritto italiano, invece, definisce lo status di vendita diretta come agricola in maniera esplicita, collocandola tra le attività agricole connesse, svolte da un imprenditore agricolo, e stabilendo in una regolazione specifica separata i criteri per la connessione con l'attività agricola per sua natura. Nel diritto francese, grazie ad una definizione ampia di attività agricola, il luogo della vendita diretta, in quanto attività agricola par relation, intesa come continuazione dell'atto di produzione, è specificato dalla giurisprudenza.
5
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Rozluka pred rozvodom a otázky všeobecnej časti medzinárodného práva súkromného na príklade prejudiciálneho konania vo veci C-249/19:

71%
Sisák Ľ.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
|
2020
|
vol. 159
|
issue 11
833-868
EN
This paper deals with selected issues of the general part of private international law related to compulsory separation before divorce. As a case study for the examination of these issues, we used the case C-249/19 at the Court of Justice of the European Union (“Court of Justice“) concerning the interpretation of Rome III Regulation, which is yet to be decided. The conflict rules of this regulation led Romanian courts to apply Italian law in a certain divorce case with foreign element. The problem the court had to deal with originated in a rule of Italian law, which obliges the spouses to go through a period of separation authorized by a court as a prerequisite for divorce. Romanian law, however, is unfamiliar with such a separation. Within this context, we address classification, the public policy clause, adaptation and analogy. We further evaluate the opinion of the advocate general together with the judgment of the Court of Justice delivered in the analyzed case.
6
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Sprzedaż wina w ramach lokalnych systemów żywnościowych na przykładzie prawa włoskiego

70%
Kapała A.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
|
2019
|
issue 2(25)
203-214
IT
L’articolo si propone di esaminare in quali forme, secondo i criteri dei sistemi alimentari locali e alla luce della legge italiana, sia possibile far vendere vino direttamente all’agricoltore che ne è il produttore. Al riguardo, sono state analizzate le regolazioni relative alla vendita diretta, le cosiddette “strade del vino”, l’ agriturismo, i farmers’ markets e i “prodotti agricoli a chilometro zero”. L’analisi svolta permette di far notare che il legislatore italiano offre la possibilità di vendere vino attraverso tutti i tipi di filiere corte richiamati, le quali riguardano gli agricoltori e i prodotti agricoli, da essi prodotti, trasformati o meno, di cui anche il vino. Inoltre, è stato previsto uno strumento speciale – le c.d. “strade del vino”, che serve a sostenere la vendita del vino all’interno di filiere corte; la legge di disciplina sull’agriturismo consente, in maniera esplicita, di servire il vino prodotto in azienda. Gli strumenti discussi sono una forma di attuazione dell’idea dei sistemi alimentari locali in quanto contengono condizioni di stretta vicinanza tra il luogo di produzione e il luogo di vendita, nonché quelle basate sulle relazioni sociali dirette o strette tra il produttore e il consumatore, come anche l’assenza di intermediari o al limite uno solo.
EN
The purpose of the considerations is to determine in what forms under Italian law wine producers-farmers may sell wine directly to consumers it it meets the criteria of local food systems. In this respect, the regulations on direct sales, so-called “wine routes,” agro-tourism, and farmers’ markets, as well as the “agricultural products from zero kilometres” indications have been analysed. It has been established that Italian laws allow selling wine in all the forms of the short supply chains analysed in the study. Legal provisions in this respect govern farmers and the agricultural products they produce, both unprocessed and processed, including wine. What is more, there is a special instrument created to support the sale of wine in short supply chains – “wine routes” while the Law on Agritourism explicitly allows the serving of wine produced on a given farm. All these represent a form of implementing the idea of local food systems where the conditions such as close proximity between the place of production and the place of sale, direct or close social relationship between the producer and the consumer, the lack of intermediaries or the participation of only one intermediary, are satisfied.
PL
Celem rozważań jest próba ustalenia, w jakich formach, spełniających kryteria lokalnych systemów żywnościowych, możliwa jest w świetle prawa włoskiego sprzedaż wina bezpośrednio przez rolnika będącego jego wytwórcą. Pod tym kątem zostały przeanalizowane regulacje dotyczące sprzedaży bezpośredniej, tzw. „dróg winnych”, agroturystyki, farmers’ markets oraz oznaczeń „produkty rolne z zera kilometrów”. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala zauważyć, że ustawodawca włoski oferuje możliwość sprzedaży wina we wszystkich omówionych formach krótkich łańcuchów dostaw. Są one przeznaczone dla rolników i wytwarzanych przez nich produktów rolnych nieprzetworzonych i przetworzonych, w tym wina. Co więcej, przewidziany został specjalny instrument wspierający sprzedaż wina w ramach krótkich łańcuchów, tj. „drogi winne”, a ustawa o agroturystyce wprost zezwala na serwowanie wina wyprodukowanego w danym gospodarstwie. Omówione instrumenty są formą realizacji idei lokalnych systemów żywnościowych, zawierają bowiem warunki bliskiej odległości między miejscem wytworzenia a miejscem sprzedaży, bezpośredniej lub bliskiej relacji społecznej między producentem a konsumentem oraz braku pośredników lub uczestnictwa co najwyżej jednego pośrednika.
7
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Avvocatura dello Stato – Rzecznik Generalny ds. ochrony praw i interesów państwa. Bezpieczeństwo ochrony praw i interesów państwa włoskiego

57%
Sitek B.
Journal of Modern Science
|
2015
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issue 4(27)
127-146
EN
Avvocatura dello Stato – The Attorney General for the protection of rights and interests of the state. Security of protection of the rights and interests of the Italian State The legal and institutional system of protection of the legal rights and interests existed on the Italian Peninsula before the Italian unification. The current system is based on the Royal Decree no 1611 from the year 1933. This decree was repeatedly amended and supplemented with the subsequent acts. The Advocate General is appointed by Presidential Decree. The Office’s headquarter is located in Rome. There are 25 District Avvocatures located in cities where the courts of appeal are seated. The Advocate General is the central authority of the state, not having constitutional legitimacy. The state lawyers, prosecutors and administrative staff are employed in this office. The main task of the Advocate General is to protect the rights and interests of public administrations and entities performing the tasks of the public sector. There are: local self-governments, professional self-governments and other bodies. The state lawyers have a legal power of attorney – ex lege – to represent these entities in civil proceedings in front of the general and arbitration courts and other judicial authorities. In addition, the Advocate General may provide legal advice for the public administration authorities and post legal opinions for them.
PL
System prawny i instytucjonalny ochrony prawnej praw i interesów istniał na Półwyspie Apenińskim jeszcze przed zjednoczeniem Włoch. Obecny system powstał na bazie Dekretu Królewskiego nr 1611 z 1933 roku. Dekret ten był wielokrotnie nowelizowany i uzupełniany późniejszymi aktami prawnymi. Rzecznik Generalny powoływany jest dekretem Prezydenta Republiki. Siedzibą urzędu jest Rzym. Istnieje 25 wydziałów zamiejscowych. Są one zlokalizowane w miastach, gdzie znajdują się siedziby sądów apelacyjnych. Rzecznik Generalny jest organem centralnym państwa, niemającym umocowania konstytucyjnego. W urzędzie zatrudnieni są adwokaci państwowi, prokuratorzy oraz pracownicy administracyjni. Podstawowym zadaniem Rzecznika Generalnego jest ochrona praw i interesów organów administracji państwowej oraz pomiotów wykonujących zadania sektora publicznego. Mogą to być samorządy terytorialne, zawodowe i inne podmioty. Adwokaci państwowi mają ustawowe pełnomocnictwo – ex lege – do reprezentowania tych podmiotów w postępowaniach cywilnych przed sądami powszechnymi, arbitrażowymi i innymi organami sądowniczymi. Ponadto Rzecznik Generalny może udzielać porad prawnych organom administracji państwowej oraz pisać dla nich opinie prawne.
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