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1

Filozofia Oświecenia: społeczeństwo – umowa społeczna – własność – władza

100%

Sznajderski T. K.

Horyzonty Polityki

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 34

49-65

EN

Research objective: The purpose of the work is to characterise the concept of the law of nature, society, social contract, ownership and political power developed by the main philosophers of Enlightenment, J. Locke and J. J. Rousseau. The research problem and methods: The research topics presented in the paper are exploratory and answer the following questions: What are the main elements of Enlightenment as a philosophical era? What were the concepts of society and social contract developed by J. Locke and J.J. Rousseau? What were the theories of ownership and political power developed by both philosophers? The research method was based on the analysis of texts by J. Locke and J.J. Rousseau. The process of argumentation: The article consists of two parts. The first contains the characteristics of the Enlightenment period. The second presents the characteristics of society, social contract, ownership and political power developed by both thinkers. Research results: The author shows that the concepts of both Locke and Rousseau emphasise the independence of the world of nature, society and a human subject in comparison with the earlier philosophical and social theories. The laws of nature and social contracts are the basis of moral norms. Conclusions, innovations and recommendations: The two Enlightenment concepts of man and society are based on the concept of nature and the laws of nature created by God. Nature is a primary, exemplary, perfect period. Ownership, egoistic relations between people and power impede human life and development.

PL

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem pracy jest charakterystyka koncepcji prawa natury, społeczeństwa, umowy społecznej, własności głównych filozofów Oświecenia J. Locke’a i J.J. Rousseau. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problematyka badań zaprezento‑ wana w pracy ma charakter eksploracyjny i odpowiada na następujące pytania: Jakie są główne elementy Oświecenia jako epoki filozoficznej? Jakie były kon‑ cepcje społeczeństwa i umowy społecznej J. Locke’a oraz J.J. Rousseau? Jakie były teorie własności w teoriach obu myślicieli ?Metodę badawczą oparto na analizie poglądów i fragmentów tekstów głównych prac J. Locke’a i J.J. Rousseau. PROCES WYWODU: Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej zawarta jest charakterystyka okresu Oświecenia. Druga obejmuje charakterystykę spo‑ łeczeństwa, umowy społecznej, własności i władzy politycznej obu myślicieli. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Autor przedstawia, że obie koncepcje Locke’a i Rousseau uznają za najistotniejsze: samodzielność świata przyrody, społeczeństwa i podmiotu ludzkiego w porównaniu z wcześniejszymi teoriami filozoficzno-społecznymi. Prawa natury i umowy społeczne są podstawą norm moralnych. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Obie przedstawione oświeceniowe koncepcje człowieka i społeczeństwa oparte są na koncepcji na‑ tury i praw natury stworzonych przez Boga. Natura jest okresem pierwotnym, wzorcowym, doskonałym. Własność, relacje egoistyczne między ludźmi i władza utrudniają życie i rozwój człowieka. Na podstawowych ideach teorii filozoficz‑ nych Locke’a i Rousseau zbudowane zostały fundamenty całej epoki Oświecenia.

2

Teorie dóbr publicznych i zrównoważonego rozwoju w myśli filozoficznej Johna Locke’a

87%

Rutkowska A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 1

57-68

EN

Humansare not able to change their nature other than through their own actions and with the participation of others. The full development of personal life can therefore only be achieved in society. Managing the available resources, through his activity, man delineates the boundaries between the private, the individual, and the public spheres. The decisive factor in the right to private property is the individual’s own work. In economic theory, public goods are a manifestation of market failure, as market mechanisms for regulating supply and demand do not apply to the market for the quantity of goods supplied to the market. The theory of public goods is therefore primarily the subject of economic research and analysis, and the idea of the common good is the domain of philosophical reflection, especially of political philosophy. Considering the dynamic progress of civilization and the associated process of exploiting the natural environment in human economic activity, the policy of proper use of natural resources, taking into account the respect for the common good of the general public, is increasingly important. The answer to the challenges of the present day is the theory of sustainable development developed, in particular, in the green economy. It is considered to be a socio‑philosophical idea, the direction of economic development, as well as the direction of scientific research, and it comprehensively deals with the problem of the long‑term ability of the modern economy to develop upon the criterion of intergenerational justice. The article addresses issues of public goods theory and sustainable development in the context of Locke’s philosophical thought. The emancipation of Locke’s philosophical achievements manifests itself not only in the sphere of political philosophy, but also in the socio‑economic context, forming the skeleton of modern democratic states. Locke’s reflections, especially in the Two Treaties on Government, are an endorsement of individualism, economic freedom and economic liberalism, as well as the idea of a natural environment in the context of economic human activity. The practical realization of the common good in social, political and economic life suffers many difficulties in the conditions of the globalized world. Hence, interdisciplinary and deeper reflection on the real good perceived both by the individual and by the community is necessary. It also seems reasonable to discuss the ways of perceiving the common good and the public interest of present and future generations.

PL

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3

Edukacja, wykształcenie, szkoła wyższa. Tradycja i wyzwania współczesności

73%

Kaute W.

Polonia Journal

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2020

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issue 12

251-274

EN

The afterthought on education is the consideration of the world of culture – the world of values. European culture is based on Aristotle`s thought. This is his metaphysics. The change of this paradigm occurs at the treshold of Modernity (N. Machiavelli) and it is followed by the thought of the Descartes; cogito. Here, the starting point is I, an individual, who undertakes the economic activity (Th. Hobbes, J. Locke). In the post-time the world of an individual undergoes the act of disintegration (contingency; R. Rorty) which can be associated with the state of “reassurance” (M. Gauchet). Today, there is no clarity as to what „education” really is.

4

Kapitalizm, demokracja, religia w świecie globalnego rynku. Wokół myśli Michaela Novaka

73%

Zarębska M.

Polonia Journal

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2020

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issue 12

317-340

EN

One of the main problems of the European culture is to answer the question connected with relations between capitalism, democracy and the world of values. In the modern world, an autonomous and independent individual, as a participant of the exchange and the market, becomes a source of values. As J. Locke and A. Smith state this does not mean that there are no values in the world we live in. The same thought demonstrates M. Novak, thus this is the spirit of the democratic capitalism.

5

Europa, kultura, Polska w świecie „śmierci Boga”

58%

Kaute W.

Polonia Journal

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2020

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issue 11

123-149

EN

One of the basic problems of the Polish culture was – and still is – the answer to the question concerning the place of Poland in Europe and in the world. It is connected with the specificity of the Polish history. What is of special significance, it is the fact that on the threshold of the modern times, Polish and European paths diverged. The shape of modernity was determined by the thought of Descartes, Th. Hobbes and J. Locke. Its starting point is an autonomous and independent individual, taking an economic activity . In the archetype of the Polish culture it is different. This is “Polish dance” (J. Lelewel). And this state of affairs was explicitly criticized by S. Brzozowski and S. I. Witkiewicz. W. Gombrowicz sees it as a chance to take an original place in European culture. Y. Haenel defines the archetype of Polish culture as “the eternal sensivity”.

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3 Polonia Journal

1 Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

1 Horyzonty Polityki

2 Kaute W.

1 Rutkowska A.

1 Sznajderski T. K.

1 Zarębska M.

4 2020

1 2018

Filozofia Oświecenia: społeczeństwo – umowa społeczna – własność – władza

Teorie dóbr publicznych i zrównoważonego rozwoju w myśli filozoficznej Johna Locke’a

Edukacja, wykształcenie, szkoła wyższa. Tradycja i wyzwania współczesności

Kapitalizm, demokracja, religia w świecie globalnego rynku. Wokół myśli Michaela Novaka

Europa, kultura, Polska w świecie „śmierci Boga”