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Suburban Story: Structure of Jewish Communities in Largest Royal Cities of 18th Century Crown Poland

100%

Kalik J.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2006

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vol. 113

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issue 2

47-74

EN

The article deals with the distinction between urban and suburban Jewish communities. The basic structure of large urban Jewish communities in pre-partition Crown Poland is known primarily from two systematic sources: the census of the Jewish population of 1764/65 and annual lists of the Jewsh poll-tax. With the discovery of the entire corpus of the Jewish poll-tax lists in Crown Poland for 1717-1764 a significanly new information can be added to this subject. The Jewish communal organisation in largest royal towns, except for Poznan, was characterised by the presence of independent suburban communities. One or more suburban communities co-existed with the urban one in Lublin, Lwów (modern Lviv in Ukraine), and Przemysl; the Jews of Cracow (Kazimierz) and Gdansk (German Danzig) were organised in suburban communities without urban community of their own. There was no Jewish community, either urban or suburban, before 1775 in Warsaw, nevertheless this city is dealt with in this article, since the information found in the poll-tax lists provides a very interesting insight into the very initial steps of the Jewish settlement in the Polish capital. Lublin is exceptionally well documented. Not only surrounding villages and suburbs are indicated in the poll-tax lists, but also numerous individual tax-payers figure there under their personal names and other qualifications, such as name of their lord, occupation, place of residence, and family connections. The peculiar form of suburban Jewish communities in largest royal cities of Crown Poland was caused probably by a combination of two main factors: burghers' self-government in those cities was powerful enough to expel the Jews from their municipal areas; but, not less powerful forces in the same cities were interested to settle the Jews in a close proximity.

2

The Statute Organizing the Followers of the Law of the Old Testament in the Free City of Kraków and its Environs: Origins, History, Regulations

100%

Jakimyszyn A.

Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia

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2010

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vol. 8

69-75

EN

The year 1815 saw the emergence of a new State on the map of Europe - the Free City of Krakow, which, because of its affiliation to the small group of European Republics, was also referred to as the Republic of Krakow. The Free City of Krakow stretched along the left bank of the River Vistula, bordering to the west with the Kingdom of Prussia, to the north and east with the Kingdom of Poland and to the south with the Austrian Empire. Its total surface area was 1150 km2, which - apart from Krakow which became the capital - also contained three small private towns, Chrzanow, Nowa Gora and Trzebinia, as well as 244 villages

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Prawo wewnętrzne gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich w Polsce a normy ustawowe

51%

Zieliński T. J.

Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego

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2011

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vol. 14

25-45

PL

Prawo wewnętrzne, o którym mowa w art. 3 ust. 2 ustawy z dnia 20 lutego 1997 r. o stosunku Państwa do gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, budzi szczególne zainteresowanie zważywszy na nietypową na tle innych ustaw wyznaniowych strukturę organizacyjną związku wyznaniowego podlegającego tej ustawie. Jest ono dodatkowo wzmocnione przez okoliczność udziału żydowskich osób wyznaniowych w szeroko zakrojonym procesie regulacji spraw dotyczących mienia żydowskiego. Z analizy Prawa Wewnętrznego z dnia 15 stycznia 2006 r. czynionej na tle wskazanej ustawy wynika, iż prawodawca wyznaniowy przyjął w wydanych przez siebie przepisach koncepcję ustroju związku wyznaniowego odmienną od koncepcji wyrażonej w przedmiotowej ustawie. Wykreował byt pod nazwą Wyznaniowa Wspólnota Żydowska, obejmujący jednostki organizacyjne określone w Ustawie oraz jednostki przez siebie ustanowione (w tym oddziały Związku Gmin Wyznaniowych Żydowskich). W szczególności umożliwił osobom wyznania mojżeszowego posiadanie członkostwa poza gminami żydowskimi (bezpośrednio w Związku Gmin), wyposażając tych członków w węższy katalog uprawnień niż przysługujący członkom gmin. System organów Związku Gmin ukształtowany został w taki sposób, iż przedstawiciele gmin stanowią tylko część składu ciał kolegialnych decydujących o kluczowych aspektach działalności związku wyznaniowego.

EN

The Internal Law referred to in Article 3(2) of the Act of 20 February 1997 on the relationship between State and Jewish religious communities in the Republic of Poland garners special attention given the unusual - compared with other acts regulating religious affairs - organizational structure of the religious association covered by this act. It is reinforced by the fact that Jewish religious persons take part in the broad process of resolving the issues pertaining to Jewish property. The analysis of the Internal Law of 15 January 2006 against the backdrop of the mentioned act shows that in the proposed provisions the religious legislator had adopted a concept of the system governing its religious association that is materially different from the concept prescribed in the act. It created an entity known as the Religious Jewish Community, made up of organizational units defined in the act and independently established units (including the branches of the Union of Jewish Religious Communities). In particular, it enabled the people of Mosaic persuasion to have the membership outside the Jewish communities (directly in the Union), thus vesting lesser rights in such members than in any members of the communities. The system of the Union bodies was designed in such a way that the representatives of the communities constitute only a fraction of the collective bodies deciding on the key issues of the religious association's activity.

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1 Kwartalnik Historyczny

1 Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia

1 Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego

1 Jakimyszyn A.

1 Kalik J.

1 Zieliński T. J.

1 2011

1 2010

1 2006

Suburban Story: Structure of Jewish Communities in Largest Royal Cities of 18th Century Crown Poland

The Statute Organizing the Followers of the Law of the Old Testament in the Free City of Kraków and its Environs: Origins, History, Regulations

Prawo wewnętrzne gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich w Polsce a normy ustawowe