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EN
The paper is dedicated to the outstanding architect Jakub Fontana (1710-73), for about twenty years serving at the court of Marshal of the Court Franciszek Bieliński (1683-1766), later Grand Marshal of the Crown, a personage closely bonded with the Warsaw of the Saxon era. On the grounds of previously unknown archival sources, new facts are revealed that complete the so-far knowledge of the architect and shed additional light on the range, character, and chronology of his works for his patron. The beginnings of Franciszek Bieliński’s acquaintance with Jakub’s father Giuseppe Fontana are presented; the circumstances of two educational trips of the young architect to Paris, most likely partially sponsored by Bieliński, are discussed; these to be followed by the presentations of his main works on the church in Karczew, the residences in Otwock and Warsaw (in Królewska Street); the funerary ceremonies of Marshal’s wife Dorota Henrietta née Przebendowski (castrum doloris 1755); the design and later re-composition of the tomb commemorating Jan Jerzy Przebendowski and Bieliński’s wife; the raising of the church and convent in Góra Kalwaria (1755-60). Furthermore, what is discussed are a number of public projects executed by Jakub Fontana as the main architect of the Cobblestone Commission (until 1761) which the Marshal chaired as of 1742 (land surveys for marking out canals), as well as the vision of the royal castle; additionally, simultaneous works on establishing the Bielino jurisdiction (ca 1757) are signalled. In the final part of the article an attempt is made to present mutual relations between Jakub Fontana and  Franciszek Bieliński, who being the patron did not only finance the projects, but also acted as an advocate of the architect’s interests, showing much concern for his family. Jakub Fontana, in his turn, highly respected Bieliński and regarded the tasks commissioned by him with utmost attention.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony wybitnemu architektowi, Jakubowi Fontanie (1710-1773), pozostającemu w około dwudziestoletniej służbie marszałka nadwornego, a następnie wielkiego koronnego, Franciszka Bielińskiego (1683-1766), postaci silnie związanej z Warszawą czasów saskich. Na podstawie nieznanych dotąd badaczom źródeł archiwalnych autorka przedstawia nowe fakty, które uzupełniają dotychczasową wiedzę na temat tego architekta oraz rzucają dodatkowe światło na zakres, charakter oraz chronologię jego prac dla swojego protektora. Autorka sięga do początków znajomości Franciszka Bielińskiego z ojcem Jakuba, Giuseppe Fontaną, omawia okoliczności dwukrotnej podróży edukacyjnej młodego architekta do Paryża, zapewne współfinansowanej przez Bielińskiego, aby następnie przedstawić główne prace przy kościele w Karczewie, w rezydencjach w Otwocku i Warszawie przy ul. Królewskiej,  organizację uroczystości pogrzebowych żony marszałka, Doroty Henrietty z  Przebendowskich (castrum doloris 1755 r.), projekt, a następnie przekomponowanie nagrobka poświęconego Janowi Jerzemu Przebendowskiemu i żonie Bielińskiego, wzniesienie kościoła i klasztoru w Górze Kalwarii (1755-1760). Ponadto artykuł omawia wykonanie przez Jakuba Fontanę szeregu inwestycji publicznych jako głównego architekta Komisji Brukowej (aż do 1761 r.), której marszałek przewodniczył od 1742 r. (były to pomiary gruntów, prace przy wytyczaniu kanałów), a także dokonanie wizji zamku królewskiego, sygnalizuje również równolegle prace przy założeniu jurydyki Bielino (ok. 1757). W końcowej części artykułu autorka stara się przedstawić wzajemne relacje między Jakubem Fontaną a Franciszkiem Bielińskim, który jako protektor i mecenas  nie tylko finansował przedsięwzięcia, ale także był rzecznikiem interesów architekta i okazywał względy jego rodzinie. Z kolei Jakub Fontana żywił szacunek do Bielińskiego i powierzone mu zlecenia traktował z najwyższą powagą.
EN
Until recently, research into the Piarist Collegium Nobilium — the work of Jakub Fontana, initiated in 1743 — has not explained many essential questions concerning the history of the object and its architectonic form. Existing, albeit unexploited, source and iconographie material makes it possible to prove that the facade of the building was not completed in 1754, as was originally presumed but that the Fontana version was never realized. The work was interrupted after the preparation of the building’s solid and prior to its outfitting, while the front elevation, facing Miodowa Street, remained unplastered until the beginning of the 1780s. In its oldest form — which can be reconstructed — the palace of the college was composed of a two-storey and fifteen-axis main corps, with an additional third storey over a central, three-axis projection, and two single-storey and ten-axis side wings, as well as an irregular window pattern (adapted to an unrealized Baroque decoration). The erection of the faccade was initiated as late as 1782 by Michał Stadnicki, rector of the Collegium Nobilium who commissioned Stanisław Zawadzki, one of the most talented architects of the Polish Enlightenment, to prepare a design. Due to the fact that the object was realized several years earlier than it was assumed up to now, the building appears to be extremely important in the accomplishments of the architect, and documents a period of the most dynamic transformations of his artistic profile. Work on the front elevation was conducted in the years 1783- 1785 and the masonry was entrusted to Adam Gering, not a well-known sculptor. There are three project variants prepared by Stanisław Zawadzki: two are authentic and heretofore unpublished (A and В in the article) and a later slightly later and relatively faithful copy of the non-extant original (G). All the drawings shared the general principle accepted by the architect who tried to impose a Classicistic form without disturbing the Baroque solid of the palace; the differences, apart from small details, concerned the degree of intervention into the existing structure of the building. Variant A retained the old irregular window pattern in the side wings, variant G modified it slightly but variant В foresaw the introduction of full regularity under the condition of far reaching modifications. The last project was, however, an ideal version made for the collection of architectonic drawings belonging to Stanisław Kostka Potocki (who should not be regarded as their co-author, despite certain suggestions made in the past). None of the extant variants (A, G) were realized faithfully. It became apparent that although the erected facade was close to solutions proposed in inital projects (a horizontal binding of the ground floor, the application of small balconies supported by pairs of columns framing the entrance gates, the introduction of a wide frieze which divided the first and second storeys, as well as decorations with coat-of-arms cartouches over the projections of the main corps); ultimately, a whole series of innovations was implemented. The most important element was the increased number of windows in the side wings (up to eleven) as well as the retention of the former asymmetric pattern of transit gates, contrary to the initial intention. The facade of the Piarist building, designed by Zawadzki, has not survived and has been subjected to considerable transformations already in the first half of the nineteenth century. The elevation of the corps and right wing, a part of the palace purchased in 1811 for a cadet school, was changed in 1820 according to a project by Wilhelm Henryk Minter. The left wing which after the ousting of the Piarists became the seat of the Russian Orthodox bishop, was rebuilt in 1835-1837; in accordance with designs by Andrzej Gołoński and Antonio Corazzi a third storey was added, the windows were shifted, in this way making the distances between them even, and a three-axis projections, crowned with a triangular gable, framed the gate. After the wartime devastation dating from 1944 the building was reconstructed but it would be difficult to say that it is a faitful copy of the monument. Only the main corps and the right wing refer directly to the form which that part of the palace obtained follwing the transformations inaugurated by Minter.
EN
The unpreserved interiors of the Potocki Palace in Radzyń Podlaski designed by Jakub Fontana were one of the last original manifestations of Rococo aesthetics in Poland. The decoration was characterized by moderate ornamentation, a clear articulation of white panelling with the use of gilded moulds, frames, and pilaster strips, as well as overdoors in fancy, yet symmetrical frames. Some of the rooms were given wall decoration, according to archival records possibly executed entirely by Jan Bogumił Plersch, the main (however not only) painter employed for the Palace’s décor. He was also most likely the one to execute the overdoors whose affiliation with definite interiors as well as the definition of the significance in the whole decoration structure is undertaken by the Author: seascapes, mountain views, pastoral scenes, and compositions with fruit and flowers shown against park vistas. The latter reveal the closest affinity with still lifes of the French painter Augustin Dubuisson who decorated Sanssouci and the Royal Palace in Wrocław. The seascapes, instead, may have been modelled on Dutch prints, and were a reflection of Hollandism, a vogue imported from France of the time. Therefore, French affiliations are an important feature in the painting decoration of the Radzyń Palace, though in Fontana’s genuine design no direct model for it can be identified. Some of Plersch’s paintings are of a metaphorical undertone, and find their ideological confirmation in the decoration of the Palace’s elevation: the idea of a knight’s residence manifested with the use of panoplies in the Ball Room polychrome and the concept of a palace as a shrine of beauty and art, clear in the overdoors decorating the Library, and showing liberal arts, as well as Civil and Military Architecture. The programme made reference to the pax et bellum topos: heroic accomplishments of the ancestors were balanced by emphasizing peaceful initiatives of Eustachy Potocki, owner of the residence at the time.
PL
Niezachowane wnętrza pałacu Potockich w Radzyniu Podlaskim zaprojektowane przez Jakuba Fontanę, były jedną z ostatnich, oryginalnych manifestacji estetyki  rokoka w Polsce. Cechowała je oszczędna ornamentacja, wyraźna artykulacja białych boazerii za pomocą złoconych listew, ram i lizen, oraz supraporty w fantazyjnych, lecz symetrycznych ramach. Niektóre sale otrzymały dekorację ścienną, wykonaną zapewne w całości – jak wynika ze źródeł archiwalnych – przez Jana Bogumiła Plerscha, głównego (choć nie jedynego) malarza zatrudnionego przy realizacji wystroju pałacowego. Jego dziełem były też najpewniej supraporty, które próbuję przypisać konkretnym wnętrzom i zdefiniować ich sens w strukturze całej dekoracji: widoki morskie, krajobrazy górskie, sceny pasterskie oraz kompozycje z owocami i kwiatami zaaranżowane na tle parkowych perspektyw. Te ostatnie najwięcej łączy z martwymi naturami francuskiego malarza Augustina Dubuissona, zdobiącymi Sanssouci i Pałac Królewski we Wrocławiu. Z kolei widoki morskie były najpewniej wzorowane na grafice holenderskiej i stanowiły refleks holandyzmu – mody płynącej z ówczesnej Francji. Tak więc afiliacje francuskie są istotnym rysem malarskiego wystroju pałacu w Radzyniu, choć trudno mówić w tym autorskim projekcie Fontany o bezpośrednich wzorach. Niektóre malowidła Plerscha mają metaforyczny charakter i znajdują swe wyraźne ideowe potwierdzenie w dekoracji elewacji pałacowych: idea siedziby rycerza zamanifestowana za pomocą panopliów w polichromii Sali Balowej oraz koncept pałacu jako świątyni piękna i sztuki, czytelny w supraportach zdobiących Bibliotekę, przedstawiających sztuki wyzwolone, a także Architekturę Cywilną i Wojskową. Program ten nawiązywał do toposu pax et bellum – heroiczne zasługi przodków zrównoważono podkreśleniem pokojowych inicjatyw ówczesnego właściciela rezydencji – Eustachego Potockiego.
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