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EN
The seven yet unpublished letters from Wincenty Lutosławski (1863-1954) to Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski (1860-1939) sent between 6th March and 6th May 1907 reveal new circumstances of the research on Juliusz Słowacki’s work, particularly its mystical period. On the eve of the celebration of the poet’s 100th birth anniversary the number of publications by editors and commentators on Słowacki’s work increased. Literature historians emphasize the elevated context of those efforts. The study of the correspondence under discussion reveals the more “down-to-earth” episode in the history of reception of the work of our great bard.
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EN
Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski was a Polish economist, journalist and politician, one of the first chief activists and ideologues of the right‑wing National Democracy political camp, literary historian, mountaineer, ecologist and environmentalist. Pawlikowski was influential in the development of modern environmental ethics in Poland and in the movement for wilderness conservation. He was co‑founder and president of the Section for Protection of the Tatra Mountains, The Polish Tatra Society since 1912. He was also the founder and editor‑in‑chief of the yearbook Wierchy printed in Lviv since 1923. Since 1927, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia dwie idee związane z ochroną przyrody sformułowane przez galicyjskich (polskich) przyrodników. Są to: pochodzący z początku XX stulecia pierwszy na ziemiach polskich program ochrony natury M. Raciborskiego oraz, powstały nieco później, oparty na aksjologicznych podstawach, oryginalny manifest ekologiczny J.G. Pawlikowskiego. Koncepcje te, w chwili powstania, miały charakter zdecydowanie nowatorski, i to nie tylko w skali myśli polskiej. Do dnia dzisiejszego nie straciły one na znaczeniu. Stanowią trwały fundament współczesnej refleksji nad znaczeniem środowiska naturalnego dla ludzkiej egzystencji.
EN
This article presents two ideas related to nature conservation formulated by Galician (Polish) naturalists, namely M. Raciborski’s programme for the protection of nature, the first in the Polish lands, dating from the beginning of the 20th century, and J.G. Pawlikowski’s original ecological manifesto, developed slightly later, based on axiological foundations. These concepts, at the time of their creation, were extremely innovative, not only in the context of Polish thought. They have not lost their significance to this day. They constitute a solid foundation for contemporary reflection on the significance of the natural environment for human existence.
EN
This article is the first in Polish historiography to attempt to show the political activity of Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski. Pawlikowski was a member of the Galician intellectual elite. He was a well-known economist, columnist, literary historian, cultural patron, climber, pioneer of nature conservation, but also a politician. Throughout his life he was consistently associated with the movement of the National Democracy as many associations, organizations and banks (e.g. Galician Economic Association, Land Reclamation Bank, Parcel Bank, Agricultural Wheel Association, Organization of National Unity, Society Poland). He sat on the Central Committee The National League, co-organized the National Democratic Party in Galicia (in the years 1907–1914 he was the president), sat in the General Council of the People’s and National Union. He participated directly in the most important political events in Eastern Galicia, and after 1918 he became actively involved in public activity in 2nd Polish Republic.
EN
Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski and Le Corbusier attempted to define how works of architecture, and more specifically ideal houses, should look like. The former saw them as houses created in harmony with the natural surroundings of the buildings as an expression of the protection of local culture, the so-called “peculiar features of the native land”. This concept reflects a respect for nature and a view of culture as inspired by the natural world. Le Corbusier, on the other hand, perceives nature purely utilitarian, it can become an element of “machines for living”, i.e., ideal houses. Nevertheless, its function is purely utilitarian, it is nothing more than a pleasant background for a human relaxation zone. The house should first and foremost serve human being with its functionality and usefulness. Its decorative sphere is of no importance, what matters in architecture is to create the best place to live. The article presents the axiological background for the differences in the perception of architectural creations by the two thinkers.
PL
Jan Gwalbert Pawlikowski oraz Le Corbusier próbowali określić, jak powinny wyglądać wytwory architektury, a dokładniej idealne domy. Pierwszy z nich widział je w domach stworzonych w zgodzie z naturalnym otoczeniem, co było wyrazem ochrony kultury lokalnej, tzw. swoistych rysów ziemi ojczystej. Koncepcja ta odzwierciedla szacunek wobec przyrody oraz postrzeganie kultury jako czerpiącej inspirację ze świata naturalnego. Z kolei Le Corbusier postrzega przyrodę czysto użytkowo, może ona stać się elementem „maszyn do mieszkania”, tj. idealnych domów. Niemniej jej funkcja jest czysto użytkowa, nie jest ona niczym więcej jak przyjemnym dla człowieka tłem dla strefy relaksu. Dom powinien przede wszystkim służyć człowiekowi swoją funkcjonalnością i użytecznością. Jego dekoracyjna sfera nie ma żadnego znaczenia, w architekturze liczy się tylko to, aby stworzyć najlepsze miejsce do mieszkania. Artykuł przedstawia tło aksjologiczne dla różnic w postrzeganiu tworów architektury u obu myślicieli.
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