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Polityczna i pedagogiczna aktywność Janusza Jędrzejewicza na emigracji (1939–1951)

100%

Stelmasiak I.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

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2009

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issue 25

33-62

EN

The exile years of Janusz Jędrzejewicz (1939-1951), a prominent and reputed educator of the inter-war Poland, deserve much of our attention. After the outbreak of the war, Jędrzejewicz initially took some effort to return to active military duty but these attempts failed to be successful. Along with the evacuation of the government, the Jędrzejewiczs had to leave Poland for Romania and had to remain there as exiles. Dull, everyday routine in exile in Romania was interspersed with Jędrzejewicz’s involvement in teaching maths and in meetings with fellow exiles, the followers of Józef Piłsudzki. The years from July 1940 until the end of the year, Jędrzejewicz and his family spent in Turkey. In the dire straits he was in at the time, to minimize stress and inconvenience in housing, he managed to find some balance and relief in his political and social activity. Jędrzejewicz managed to establish contacts with other exiles, notably Tatar, Caucasian and Ukrainian exiles. As a result of the meetings with the non-Polish émigrés, the concept of the so-called “Międzymorze – Intermarum”, a proposed federation of countries stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, emerged. The years between 1940 and 1942 Jędzerzejowicz and his family spent in Tel-Aviv in Palestine. The local Polish political and military circles were closely associated with former “colonels” and Gen. Sławoj-Składkowski’s supporters and were labelled as “steadfast” or “unyielding”. In a straightforward way, the leadership of this group fell to Jędrzejewicz as the one who was the highest ranking Pilsudski-ite among them. The group became the core of the political movement founded upon a concept that underlined the ideas of the late marshal and represented their supporters in the Near East. Jędrzejewicz was very active in writing articles on social and political subjects and in giving lectures, including notably the one delivered on March 19, 1941 and entitled “On the occasion of the anniversary of the name day of First Marshal of Poland” He was also involved in talks with leaders of local Jewish and Arabic population. The presented concept of “Intermarum” was received with interest by politicians in exile from the Baltics, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary. It also formed an alternative to the realpolitik exercised by the government in exile.An important initiative of the group of the Pilsudski-ites was to publish Biuletyn Informacyjny (News Bulletin), and then to transform it into the official monthly Na Straży (On guard). The editor-in-chief of the periodical was Jędrzejewicz himself (from issue 18th onwards). In the course of time, still in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem, the Piłsudski-ite groups grew more and more members. These circles, physically far from the government in exile in London and its influence, were thus more independent and formed a sort of a mutation and an alternative to the London-based Związek Pracy Państwowej (State Labour Union). Under the leadership of Janusz Jędrzejewicz, the Piłsudzki-ites in Palestine organized themselves in Związek Pracy dla Państwa (Union of Work for the State). The Polish political scene in exile was going through many dramatic changes and transformations. Political tension was aggravated further by Prof. Kot’s action who had returned from the Soviet Union in mid-1942. He perceived the activity of some of Polish exiles in the Near East as politically detrimental and anti-government. As for Prof Kot’s intense dislike for Jędrzejewicz, it was guided by the two following reasons: the latter’s influence in circles overtly reluctant to accept the stance adopted by the government represented by Gen. Sikorski, and, secondly, his personal grudge and resentment towards the former minister of religious affairs and education (Polish: MriOP). The political situation of the years 1944-1946 was decisive in creating the atmosphere less negative and more cooperative, and ultimately led to the emergence of the idea of a common platform for reconciliation and understanding for all splinter groups of Piłsudski followers. The common denominator for all was to be the Independence League, a political party in exile, of which, until 1947, Jędrzejewicz knew very little about. From 1942 the Jędrzejewiczs lived in Jerusalem, where they enjoyed good rapport and relations with local Arab leaders. Despite some health problems, Jędrzejewicz engaged himself in a series of lectures and continued to edit the periodical Na Straży. Soon, however, he was forced to step down this post due to aggravating health problems. Towards the end of 1946, the former prime minister was transferred to the reserve. This helped Jędrzejewicz to obtain a decision to be moved to Great Britain. Before he left Jerusalem, however, he spent half a year with his family in harsh conditions of El Kantara field hospital, which was also a transit camp for war refugees. The circles of the London-based Pilsudski-ites were very much counting on Jędrzejewicz’s Związek Pracy dla Państwa. The promoters of the Independence League also viewed the former prime minister, who was a one-time trustworthy aide to Marshal Piłsudski, as their potential leader. Jędrzejewicz himself was quite aware of his assets and the position he enjoyed within the hierarchy of values as a Piłsudski-ite and, despite bad health, was ready to support the League. In the first half of 1948, with the help of Jędrzejewicz, the fundamentals of the political program of the Poland’s Independence League were established. However, the following infightings and quarrels as to who was to head the League made Jędrzejewicz step down from the position of the leader of the League. From that time on, his activity was limited to writing articles and the participation in the work for the board of trustees of the London Piłsudski Institute. Jędrzejewicz’s last years of his life were undoubtedly influenced by his poor health (1948-1951). He was repeatedly hospitalized, which was taken advantage of by his political opponents in 1948. His physical state was very much influenced by his mental condition, which was a result the victimization and persecution he experienced between 1939-1943. An emotional shock for him was undoubtedly the news about his son who had been shot by the Germans in 1943, and the death of his former wife, Maria Stattler, in 1944. Eventually, all his energy was directed at administrative and research work. With his participation, or at his initiative, four research institutes were established at the time. The intention was to conduct historical or political science research there. Janusz Jędrzejewicz died on March 16th 1951. In exile, he was unfortunate enough to experience ostracism from fellow Poles, both as a politician and as a man. Still, he was far from shunning the world and, with dignity, he carried out his mission of executing the tasks once set by his Commander. As an exile, he was just as well a good representative of a Piłsudski-ite with a characteristic appropriate system of values that determined his life style. The ongoing internalization of the imponderables of his beloved Commander was though respected in the multi-faceted realities of Polish exile life.

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Reforma oświatowa Janusza Jędrzejewicza przedstawiona na łamach „Polski Zachodniej”

62%

Śliwak K.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

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2012

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issue 2

EN

In the paper, the author draws a biographical outline of Janusz Jędrzejewicz (Minister of Religious and Public Education), explicates his theory of education and evaluates the theory’s impact on education in Poland. The author also comments on selected columns in the journal “Polska Zachodnia”. The examined articles deal with the state of Polish education in the 1930s and serve as a critique of Jędrzejewicz’s reform by different political forces.

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Cezaria Anna Baudouin de Courtenay- -Vasmer-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowa (1885-1967)

47%

Zamojska D.

Nauka i Szkolnictwo Wyższe

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2011

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issue 2(38)

15-25

EN

Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay-Jędrzejewiczowa (1885-1967) belonged to the narrow circle of women researchers active in the interwar period. Her success was was attained not only through her inborn skills, perseverance and talent for organization, but also through many favorable coincidences. Daughter of the prominent linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, she left her home with a substantial intellectual Capital, but also with her family’s support for her scientific ambitions. Thanks to this support - and the unique circumstances of the improved political situation in Russia after 1905 - she managed to complete her studies at the University of Saint Petersburg. Her interest remained highly influenced by the personality of her father and focused around the issue of linguistics - although beyond the phenomena of language she quickly started to recognize the cultural ones, directing her attention to the anthropology issues. She started her professional activity as a teacher of Latin in female secondary schools in Warsaw, however her moving to Vilnius opened possibilities for her working as an academic lecturer - what could be achieved by habilitation at the University of Warsaw in 1922. In the following years, first as Deputy Professor, and from 1929 as Assistant Professor of Ethnology and Ethnography at the University of Stefan Batory in Vilnius, she organized an ethnographic center in Vilnius, established numerous relationships with local associations supporting the folk industry, created a Museum of Ethnography and began systematic field studies of the local folklor. In 1934 she moved to Warsaw, where she received a nomination for Professor of Polish ethnography at the University of Warsaw. Warsaw also owes her the organization and the revitalization of the ethnography department, the extracting from the collections of the State Museum of Ethnography, the education of a group of dedicated and talented students. After the outbreak of the second world war, Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay flew through Romania to the Middle East, where she conducted research and participated actively in the creation of Polish scientific institutions: the Iranistic Studies Society in Tehran, the Office of Middle and the Middle East Studies, the Polish Humanist Institute of Science in Jerusalem. After the war, she settled in England, where she acted, among others, in the Polish Scientific Organization Abroad and the Polish Abroad University, where as from 1958 she was the Rector. Her private life raised many comments: married three times at a time when divorce was barely acceptable socially, every time she chose distinguished men: her first husband was Maximilian Vasmer, a classmate from her studies in St Petersburg, and in the futurę, Professor in Berlin and the star of world Slavonics, the second - Stefan Ehrenkreutz, activist of the Polish Socialist Party, and afterward Professor of the Old Lithuanian Law at the University of Stefan Batory in Vilnius and the last Rector of this University, the third - Janusz Jędrzejewicz, activist of the Polish Socialist Party and The Polish Army Organization, a co-worker of Józef Piłsudski, the Minister of Religions and Public Education and Prime Minister. The unfriendly ones claimed that the position of the last spouse did not remain without influence on the scientific career of Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay. In such situations, we normally appeal to the judgment of passing time: in the case of our heroine it is probably favorable for her: her work are still reissued, and her ideas and concepts are still alive and appreciated. The website of the Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology of The Warsaw University welcomes us with her photograph as the “mother founder".

PL

Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay-Jędrzejewiczowa (1885-1967) należała do wąskiego grona kobiet naukowców czynnych w okresie międzywojennym. Na jej sukces złożyły się nie tylko wrodzone zdolności, wytrwałość i talent organizacyjny, ale i wiele korzystnych zbiegów okoliczności. Córka wybitnego językoznawcy, Jana Baudouina de Courtenay, z domu wyniosła niemały kapitał intelektualny, ale i wsparcie rodziny dla swych naukowych ambicji. Dzięki temu wsparciu - i wyjątkowym okolicznościom politycznej odwilży w Rosji po 1905 roku - zdołała ukończyć studia wyższe na Uniwersytecie Petersburskim. Jej zainteresowania pozostawały wówczas pod silnym wpływem osobowości ojca i ogniskowały się wokół kwestii językoznawczych - chociaż szybko poza zjawiskami językowymi zaczęła dostrzegać kulturowe, kierując swą uwagę na problematykę antropologiczną. Pracę zawodową rozpoczęła jako nauczycielka łaciny w gimnazjach żeńskich w Warszawie, jednak przeprowadzka do Wilna otworzyła przed nią możliwości pracy jako wykładowca akademicki - co udało się osiągnąć dzięki habilitacji na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim w 1922 roku. W latach następnych, najpierw jako zastępca profesora, a od 1929 roku profesor nadzwyczajny etnologii i etnografii Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie, zorganizowała wileński ośrodek etnograficzny, nawiązała liczne więzi z lokalnymi stowarzyszeniami wspierającymi przemysł ludowy, stworzyła Muzeum Etnograficzne i rozpoczęła systematyczne badania terenowe miejscowego folkloru. W 1934 roku przeniosła się do Warszawy, gdzie uzyskała nominację na profesora zwyczajnego etnografii Polski Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Również Warszawa zawdzięcza jej zorganizowanie i ożywienie działalności tutejszej Katedry Etnografii, wyodrębnienie ze zbiorów państwowych Muzeum Etnograficznego, wykształcenie grona oddanych i utalentowanych uczniów. Po wybuchu drugiej wojny światowej Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay przez Rumunię wyjechała na Bliski Wschód, gdzie prowadziła badania naukowe i uczestniczyła czynnie w tworzeniu polskich instytucji naukowych: Towarzystwa Studiów Iranistycznych w Teheranie, Biura Studiów Bliskiego i Środkowego Wschodu, Polskiego Humanistycznego Instytutu Naukowego w Jerozolimie. Po wojnie osiadła w Anglii, gdzie działała m.in. w Polskim Towarzystwie Naukowym na Obczyźnie i Polskim Uniwersytecie na Obczyźnie, którego rektorem była od 1958 roku. Wiele komentarzy wzbudzało jej życie prywatne: trzykrotna mężatka w czasach, gdy rozwody były z trudem akceptowane społecznie, za każdym razem wybierała mężczyzn nieprzeciętnych: jej pierwszym mężem był Maksymilian Vasmer, kolega ze studiów w Petersburgu, a w przyszłości profesor w Berlinie i gwiazda światowej slawistyki, drugim - Stefan Ehrenkreutz, działacz PPS, a następnie profesor dawnego prawa litewskiego na Uniwersytecie Stefana Batorego w Wilnie i ostatni tegoż Uniwersytetu rektor, trzecim - Janusz Jędrzejewicz, działacz PPS i POW, współpracownik Józefa Piłsudskiego, minister Wyznań Religijnych i Oświecenia Publicznego i premier RP Nieżyczliwi twierdzili, że pozycja zwłaszcza ostatniego małżonka nie pozostawała bez wpływu na naukową karierę Cezarii Baudouin de Courtenay. W takich sytuacjach zwykle odwołujemy się do wyroku upływającego czasu: w wypadku naszej bohaterki wypada on chyba korzystnie dla niej: jej prace są nadal wznawiane, a idee i koncepcje - wciąż żywe i cenione. Strona internetowa Instytutu Etnologii i Antropologii Kulturowej UW wita nas jej zdjęciem jako „matki założycielki”.

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Polityczna i pedagogiczna aktywność Janusza Jędrzejewicza na emigracji (1939–1951)

Reforma oświatowa Janusza Jędrzejewicza przedstawiona na łamach „Polski Zachodniej”

Cezaria Anna Baudouin de Courtenay- -Vasmer-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowa (1885-1967)