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Irish Influence in the Consonantal Spellings of Old English

100%

White D. L.

Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

2017

issue 26/2

5-23

The consonantal spellings of Old English (OE) were significantly influenced by the consonantal spellings of Old Irish (OI). 1) vs. (post-vocalic) : though OE did not have a distinction between /θ/ and /ð/, OI did, spelling this as vs. (postvocalic) . 2) vs. : though OE did not have a distinction between /h/ and /x/, OI did, spelling the latter as . 3) and : both spellings appear to be from Irish. 4) : spellings of the “mixed voice” type, including “cg”, occur in OI, where they can spell either single or geminate voiced plosives. 5) (and ): almost certainly in final position in OE represent singles, not geminates, as they can in OI. 6) Spelling rules referring to post-vocalic position: all cases show OE spelling having had, like OI spelling, rules referring to post-vocalic position, which appear to be additionally evidenced by “illogical doubling” in Northumbrian. 7) The meaning of before front Vs: in OE spelling as in OI spelling, but not as in Roman Latin spelling, before front Vs spells a palatal approximant rather than a palatal affricate. The overall conclusion is that the OE spelling system was developed by Irish missionary linguists.

The First Evangelization of Indigenous Peoples of New France: The Radical Way to Martyrdom of Jesuit Missionaries

81%

Piasecki P.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

2020

issue 36

167-178

Francuscy jezuici odegrali znaczącą rolę w pierwszej ewangelizacji rdzennej ludności Ameryki Północnej na początku XVII wieku. Skupili się na ewangelizacji plemion Huronów i Irokezów, które pozostawały w ciągłym konflikcie ze sobą. Posługi ewangelizacyjnej nie łączyli z intere sami handlowymi krajów kolonialnych, zwłaszcza Francji. Po kilkunastu latach byli już w stanie przekazać prawdy ewangeliczne w językach plemiennych, będąc mocno zanurzonymi w lokalnej kulturze. Stali się prekursorami inkulturacji Ewangelii. Misjonarze charakteryzowali się głęboką duchowością chrystologiczną, zakorzenioną w kontemplacji krzyża, dlatego potrafili znosić trudy ewangelizacji. W wyniku przemyślanych strategii mocarstw kolonialnych wywołujących spory plemienne musieli stawić czoła licznym przeciwnościom, co ostatecznie wielu z nich doprowadziło do męczeństwa. Ich misyjny wysiłek stał się drogą do osobistej świętości i niezastąpionym wkładem w umocnienie nowo utworzonych wspólnot kościelnych na amerykańskiej ziemi.

The French Jesuits played a significant role in the first evangelization of the indigenous peoples of North America in the early 17th century. They focused on the evangelization of the Huron and Iroquois tribes which remained in constant conflict with each other. In their work they cut themselves off from the commercial interests of colonial countries, especially of France. After a dozen or so years, they were already able to convey evangelical values in tribal languages, being firmly immersed in the local culture. Thus, they were precursors of the inculturation of the Gospel. The missionaries were characterized by deep Christological spirituality, founded on contemplation of the cross, and, therefore, able to endure boldly the hardships of evangelization. As the result of the vile strategies of colonial powers stirring up tribal disputes, they faced numerous misfortunes, and, ultimately, many of them suffered martyrdom. Consequently, their missionary effort became a path to personal holiness and an irreplaceable contribution to the strengthening of the newly established Church communities on the American soil.

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1 Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies

1 Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

1 Piasecki P.

1 White D. L.

1 2020

1 2017

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Irish Influence in the Consonantal Spellings of Old English

The First Evangelization of Indigenous Peoples of New France: The Radical Way to Martyrdom of Jesuit Missionaries