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City Festivals in Jemnice, Brtnice and Jihlava

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Lochmanová J.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

2018

vol. 28

issue 1

13 - 27

The study deals with modern-day city festivals in three Moravian cities (Jemnice, Brtnice and Jihlava). Those historicizing festivals emphasize specific features of their development and the history of the venue; they are based on self-identification, local pride and specificity. Although their origin reflects different geographic and historical circumstances, they share many common elements (long tradition; particular opportunity – a historical milestone to which the festivity´s development relates; very good support by local inhabitants who are organizers, parade participants and visitors). In the past, the festivals were strongly associated with Christianity. From the mid-20th century, the religious part was suppressed, however, it was at least partially renewed in all three cities after 1989. During the festivals, the cities experience a festive and extraordinary time and space separated from the everyday life. The organizing supports the perception of local identity, and it welds the community together. The residents of the cities feel compelled to organize the festivity. The festivals are important in terms of representation, economics and tourism, which is more and more emphasized. This puts stress on theatrics and rich accompanying programme.

Musical duties of the city trumpeter ca. 1550-1620: parallels between Moravia, Bratislava and Vienna

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Studeničová H., Passerini E., Vomáčka I.

Hudební věda (Musicology)

2021

vol. 58

issue 2

158-175

The existence of city trumpeters (turner / pfeiffer) in major urban centres is copiously documented from as early as the fifteenth century. While their original duties included service as watchmen on city towers, setting clocks, signalling fire alerts or announcing the time with trumpet calls, in the course of the sixteenth century these duties already came to be modified, with the musical component gradually prevailing. Recent research carried out in several Moravian cities as well as in Bratislava and Vienna has revealed beyond any doubt that by as early as the sixteenth century the city trumpeter and his back-up ensemble had already assumed a prominent position in the company of makers of urban musical culture. Apart from the trumpeters´ original watch duties, their musical commitments can be divided into another two categories, depending on whether they were associated with playing in the secular or liturgical environments. Of the former, evidence survives of playing in compliance with mandatory obligations towards the city, i.e., during the traditional annual reconvening of the city council, during various banquets held in the town hall, marking the arrival in the city of a royal official or the sovereign in person, during coronation festivities, etc. Likewise falling within this category are musical performances catering to the burghers´ private functions, namely, during weddings. Demonstrably, from around the mid-sixteenth-century trumpeters also came to be involved in liturgical activities, apart from participation in Sunday Mass, feast day and evening services playing also during Corpus Christi processions, Advent, feasts of churches´ patron saints, in townhall chapel, etc. The current amount of knowledge concerning the musical duties of city trumpeters in the municipalities under survey appears to be adequate. On the other hand however, in most of the cases studied virtually no information is available about the specific forms of these musical productions, i.e., about the exact share therein of both trumpeters, and in fact also singers and choirmasters or organists, or about the actual repertoire that was performed there, etc. Consequently, it remains to be hoped that further source materials will yet be discovered, or to engage in comparing the information available with findings from cities where such evidence has survived.

Fungování městských trubačů (turner / pfeiffer) lze ve větších městech sledovat mnohdy již od 15. století. Zatímco k jejich původním úkolům patřila stráž na městských věžích, seřizování hodin, ohlašování požárů nebo vytrubování hodin, již v průběhu 16. století se tyto povinnosti začínají měnit a mnohem více se do popředí dostává hudební složka. Díky provedenému výzkumu v moravských městech, Bratislavě a Vídni lze v tuto chvíli s jistotou konstatovat, že městský trubač s jeho ansámblem již od 16. století plnil funkci jednoho z hlavních aktérů městské hudební kultury. Jejich hudební povinnosti lze kromě původních strážních rozdělit ještě na další dvě oblasti, a sice na povinnosti spojené s hraním v prostředí světském a v prostředí liturgickém. Ze světské oblasti lze doložit hraní spojené s povinnostmi vůči městu, tj. hraní při tradičním každoročním obnovování městské rady, při různých hostinách konaných na radnici, při příjezdu podkomořího nebo panovníka do města, během korunovací apod. Do této skupiny také patří hraní pro potřeby měšťanstva, tj. hraní na svatbách. Trubači se prokazatelně již cca od poloviny 16. století začali zapojovat také do liturgie; kromě účasti na slavnostních mších o všech nedělích a svátcích a účasti na večerních bohoslužbách, hráli také během procesí Božího těla, při rorátech, při svátcích patronů kostelů, v radniční kapli apod. V tuto chvíli je představa o hudebních povinnostech městských trubačů ve vybraných městech dostatečná. Na druhou stranu však ve většině případů absentují jakékoliv informace o konkrétní podobě těchto hudebních produkcí, tj. do jaké míry se podíleli na vystoupení trubači, ale třeba i zpěváci s kantorem nebo varhaník, jaký konkrétní repertoár byl provozován apod., a proto nezbývá než doufat v objevení dalších pramenů nebo porovnat informace s městy, kde se tyto zprávy dochovaly.

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1 Hudební věda (Musicology)

1 Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

1 Lochmanová J.

1 Passerini E.

1 Studeničová H.

1 Vomáčka I.

1 2021

1 2018

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City Festivals in Jemnice, Brtnice and Jihlava

Musical duties of the city trumpeter ca. 1550-1620: parallels between Moravia, Bratislava and Vienna