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Job 42:6 and Telling the Truth

100%
EN
The interesting problem of the Book of Job is the „sin” of Job’s friends. What wrong did they say that Job was to pray that God would forgive them? Why their sober words were considered by God as sinful while Job’s speeches, full of anger, were judged as proper? The answer lies in the context - not in the text only.
EN
In the article the author presents the concept created by Saint Mother Maria (Skobtsova) con-cerning the birth/death and death/birth as two concurrent spiritual and physical states associated with the existence of man. Coming into the world means the end of life in the womb and death for our earthly existence means the moment of birth in eternity.
EN
The main goal of this article is a presentation of catholic and protestant social teaching and its evolution regarding the labor and business issues. Presented evolution was confronted with theoretical assumption of business ethics levels of analysis: the individual, group and social level, which refers to activities consistent with the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The analysis lead to conclusion that Christian social teaching has evolved from the issues dealing with the ethics of the employee to the issues involved in Corporate Social Responsibility. Moreover, analysis show that the views of Max Weber and Michael Novak on the meaning of Protestantism and Christianity in the development of capitalism are not contradictory, but rather compatible. Both, Protestantism and Catholicism, greatly influenced the formation of the ethical standards of the modern working man and his institutional environment.
EN
Over the past decades humor and laughter have come to be accepted as serious topics in academic research and a number of diverse theories on humor and the role of laughter have been developed. These theories, however, consider laughter mainly in its daily aspects or in normal life situations. Starting ffom Albert Camus’ concept of the happy Sisyphus, this paper considers whether the figurę of Job, who seems to inhabit a comparably absurd situation, could also be considered as happy, even laughing. The paper concludes with a distinctive reading of the divine words found at the end of The Book of Job that ma> be fundamental in linking Sisyphus w.th Job.
EN
When we want to exam the faith of Job we must first distinguish two parts in the Book of Job. The first one is called the Prologue (with the Epilogue) and the second one consists of the poetic part of the Dialogues. In the first section we can see Job as a very just and righteous man who fears the Lord and turns away from evil. After two tragic and painful tests (when our protagonist loses his property, children and his own health) Job remains faithful to God and humbly accepts his fate. He seems to be a trustful servant of God. However, the reading of the poetical section shows us Job as a rebel who cannot accept his dramatic conditions, who curses the day of his birth and conception, who argues with his friends and accuses God of treating Him as the source of his sorrows. He seems to be an unfaithful and trustless rebel. The image of Job according to the part of Dialogues is more realistic (from the psychological point of view) and nearer to all of us. When God reveals himself to Job and speaks to him, he returns to his humble attitude and once again agrees with the Divine Will. That is why we can call him a faithful and trustful servant who experienced the period of rebellion. Finally, he remains a good example of deep faith and confidence in God though he passed rebellious moments in his life.
Vox Patrum
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2019
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vol. 71
255-270
EN
Elihu is the first amongst the ancient commentators in the history of exegesis of the Book of Job. Currently, he is becoming more and more popular as a subject of research on the Book of Job. Regarding the Elihu's appearance, most of exegetes take the view that his speech must have been included in the Book of Job at a later time, because Elihu had been mentioned neither in the prologue, nor in the epilogue of the original text. Also, the language of his articulation differs from the language of Job's three other friends. Additionally, his speeches don't show the structure of a dialogue, and the main subject of Elihu's speech differs from arguments put forward by his predecessors in discussion. In this present article I analysed the person of Elihu on the example of anonymous Commentarii in Job. This subject has been presented in three scenes. Firstly, I summarised Commentarii in Job that was also a subject of my Ph.D. dissertation. Secondly, I drew the image of Elihu, as it emerges from the analysed commentary. The final and the most important section depicts Elihu's relation to God, to Job and Job's three friends, based on Commentarii in Job. Fragments of Commentarii in Job are the author's own translations.
PL
Elihu jest pierwszym spośród antycznych komentatorów w historii egzegezy Księgi Hioba. W kwestii wystąpienia Elihu większa część egzegetów przyjmuje pogląd, iż jego mowy są późniejszym dodatkiem, wysuwając przy tym szereg argumentów (min. Elihu nie pojawia się w prologu ani w epilogu Księgi Hioba, język jego wystąpienia różni się od języka trzech przyjaciół Hioba, główny temat nauczania Elihu różni się od argumentów wysuwanych przez poprzedników w dyskusji). W niniejszym artykule omówiliśmy postać mędrca Elihu na przykładzie anonimowego Commentarii in Job. Temat został przedstawiony w trzech odsłonach. Po pierwsze, zaprezentowaliśmy pokrótce Commentarii in Job. Po drugie, nakreśliliśmy obraz Elihu, jaki wyłania się z anonimowego komentarza. W końcowym zaś i najważniejszym podpunkcie tego artykułu zreferowaliśmy na podstawie Commentarii in Job stosunek mędrca Elihu do Boga, do Hioba i trzech jego przyjaciół. Fragmenty z omawianego komentarza podajemy w tłumaczeniu własnym.
EN
The article is the first part of the publication about the problem of suffering based on Job Book especially in so called motive of Job`s Friends. Author called the thesis of Markus Saur that the Job Book has a special role in the interpretation of the problem of suffering, but shows also that there is no definitive solution of this dilemma. The article does not refer exegetical-historical discussion about Job, but tries to present a variety of Old Testament interpretation of the problem of suffering. Jobs Book shows also the border of the human wisdom based on the conviction that there is a strait relationship between action and retribution. The Author describes 3 answers on the problem of no fault suffering shown in the Book: 1. Answers of the Jobs Friends, 2. Prologue, 3. Orations of God. At the End of the Part I of the publication, the Writer shows the continuity of the dilemma in the others book of the Old Testament.
PL
Część pierwsza publikacji omawia zagadnienie, zwane w literaturze przedmiotu problemem Hioba, czyli kwestię postawy przyjaciół Hioba wobec niezawinionego cierpienia, które go dotknęło. Autor odwołuje się do wyników badań Markus Saura, który wskazuje na szczególne znaczenie Księgi Hioba w interpretacji fenomenu ludzkiego cierpienia i jego przyczyn. Zaznacza jednocześnie, że starotestamentowa księga, w swym wielowątkowym wykładzie problemu, nie daje jednoznacznych odpowiedzi. Artykuł nie odnosi się do dyskusji historyczno-egzegetycznej dotyczącej samej Księgi Hioba, lecz prezentuje interpretacje problemu cierpienia sformułowane na bazie głosów wypowiedzianych przez tzw. przyjaciół Hioba. Wiedza starotestamentowa w odniesieniu do tego zagadnienia, ukazanego w Księdze Hioba, mówi o kryzysie i granicach ludzkiej mądrości, dla której charakterystyczne jest przekonanie o absolutnym związku pomiędzy czynem a odpłatą. Autor wskazuje w tekście Księgi trzy grupy odpowiedzi na problem niezawinionego cierpienia: 1. Odpowiedź przyjaciół, 2. Prolog, 3. Przemówienia Boga. Na końcu I części publikacji wskazuje na kontynuacje problemu Hioba mające miejsce w innych księgach Starego Testamentu.
EN
The significance of God’s speaking through the voice from the whirlwind and Job’s subsequent repentance has often been interpreted as a scolding by God for questioning divine providence and/or as the assertion of inscrutable mystery. This paper offers an alternative hermeneutics consonant with an open and relational understanding of the nature of God, arguing that Job can best be interpreted as a strong endorsement of the unpredictability and wildness of nature, as God grants creation the freedom to act according to its own integrity. This argument compares Elihu’s speech, which asserts divine complete control of nature, with the voice from the whirlwind that asserts the wildness of rain and ice, of various animals, and of the Behemoth and Leviathan, these latter associated with chaos. It concludes that Job, in experiencing God in the wildness of the whirlwind, finds a new model of divine agency wherein God graces creation with freedom.
EN
The article aims to present the interactional encounters undertaken within their professional context by the studied group of Polish sales representatives concerning their emotions and emotional work. It is an internally diverse group made of individuals skillful in managing their emotions, as well as the ones of others. Additionally, the professional group at hand is purposefully trained to acquire skills in the area of managing emotions. The concepts of Everett Hughes (1958) concerning work, Arlie Hochschild (1983) in the context of emotional labor, Anselm Strauss (1993) pointing to the coexistence of emotions and action, and Robert Prus (1997) on the contextual nature of social life are the theoretical underpinning of the article. They all derive from the interpretative paradigm and fit into the theoretical premises of symbolic interactionism, assuming the constant construction of social reality as a result of interactions undertaken by social actors (see: Blumer 2007). It is the nature of their interactions with customers, colleagues, and direct and indirect superiors that determines the specificity of a sales representative’s work situation. The analyses presented in the article are based on qualitative research using unstructured interviews, conversational interviews, and observations.
EN
The study explores the potential benefit of philosophical concepts of theodicy for theological reflection. First, the study turns back to the Enlightenment, when the question of theodicy played a crucial role in the shaping of the modern view of Christianity, or major monotheistic religions in general. It deals with one of the most significant concepts of the time, the essay on theodicy by G. W. Leibniz. Second, it takes notice of the reception of Leibniz’s thought in certain philosophical currents at the turn of the twenty-first century, which also resonates in contemporary discussions. It deals mainly with issues made popular in the works of Richard Swinburne, a British philosopher and active supporter of the idea of modern theism. Third, the study attempts to answer the following questions: What are the potential motivations for raising the question of theodicy today? Is theodicy a fundamental, or a marginal question? Can the philosophical concepts of theodicy be useful for further theological reflection?
Vox Patrum
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2014
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vol. 62
185-195
EN
The present article enlivens the figure of Philip Presbyter, which slowly emerges from oblivion where he was sent to stay as a forgotten author, while his commentary on the Book of Job had been lying in the library among dust-covered codes, waiting for 12 centuries to be brought to daylight. We attempted, first of all, at separating those two texts, which have been equated with each other for ages, namely Commentarii in Iob (Patrologia Latina 26, 619-802), wrongly attributed to St. Jerome or Philip Presbyter from In historiam Iob commentariorum libri tres, by Philip, a work forgotten until 1991. The overriding aim of the article was to display, on chosen examples, how the author of the epitome takes advantage of Philip’s commentary. We attempted at answering the question if the anonymous writer of the epitome copies Philip Presbyter’s interpretations word by word, or whether he made his own contribution to the Book of Job.
Verbum Vitae
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2016
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vol. 29
67-98
PL
Artykuł analizuje metaforę światłości w księgach dydaktycznych Biblii. W biblijnej tradycji oznacza ona najpierw życie doczesne. Psalmy teofanijne opisują Boga jako źródło światłości, nawet jeśli towarzyszy Mu ciemność osłaniająca Jego świętość i zapewniająca ludziom bezpieczeństwo. Światłość wiąże się z Bogiem jako stwórcą świata, a także podkreśla Jego królewską godność. Również naród wybrany jako całość, a także każdy z Izraelitów osobiście, dzięki doświadczeniu Bożej pomocy może wyznać, że Bóg jest światłością. Metaforą światłości wyraża się również prośby o to, by Bóg okazał swoją pomoc i udzielił błogosławieństwa. Kolejnym sposobem jej zastosowania jest rozumienie Prawa Bożego jako światłości prowadzącej ku Bogu. Ten element wiąże się z teologią uprawianą w nurcie tradycji mądrościowej i oznaczającą mądrość i prawdę. Metafora światłości przechodzi więc od mitologicznych obrazów korzystających z tradycji bliskowschodniej po ujęcia właściwe późniejszym księgom biblijnym.
XX
The article analyzes the use of the metaphor of light in the didactic books of the Old Testament. In the biblical tradition, light signifies primarily earthly life. Theophany psalms describe God as the source of light, even though darkness accompanies Him, in order to canopy His sanctity and to provide safety to people. Thanks to the experience of the God’s help, the Chosen People as a whole, as well as each individual Israelite, can confess that God is light. The requests and pleadings addressed to God in order to receive His help and blessing are also expressed through the metaphor of light. The understanding of God’s Law as light guiding one to God is another notable use of this metaphor. The element of light is also connected with the theology cultivated by the sapiential tradition, signifying wisdom and truth. Thus, the metaphor of light extends from mythological images evoking the Ancient Near Eastern traditions on the perspectives appropriate to the later biblical books.
EN
This article discusses how the subjects of carnality, memory and dreams influence the reading of Lem's Solaris. The article starts with a discussion of the novel as an open text allowing for multiple interpretations, then it moves on to the innovation of the Alien model presented by Lem. The problems related to body, memory and sleep are generated in the text by the character of Harey, the double of the protagonist's long dead fiancée recreated on Solaris through Kelvin's memories. The author tries to answer the question of whether the woman can be called a human being and what exactly determines that − biology, or an act that is ethically marked? The article also describes the role of memory in the protagonist's internal metamorphosis, as well as mentioning the intertextual trope of Kochanka Szamoty by Stanisław Grabiński.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o tym, jak temat cielesności, pamięci i snu wpływa na lekturę Lemowskiej Solaris. Rozpoczyna się od ukazania powieści jako tekstu wielointerpretacyjnego i otwartego, następnie przechodzę do kwestii innowacyjności modelu Obcego zaprezentowanego przez Lema. Problemy związane z ciałem, pamięcią i snem generuje w tekście postać Harey: będąca sobowtórem dawno zmarłej narzeczonej głównego bohatera zostaje odtworzona na Solaris poprzez wspomnienia Kelvina. Staram się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy kobietę można nazwać istotą ludzką oraz co o tym decyduje. Biologia? Czyn nacechowany etycznie? Opisuję także rolę pamięci w zmianie zachodzącej w głównym bohaterze oraz wspominam o intertekstualnym tropie, jakim jest Kochanka Szamoty Stanisława Grabińskiego.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w artykule są doświadczenia, przeżycia i postawy pielgrzyma, odbywającego podróż religijną do Ziemi Świętej w 1832 roku. Pielgrzymem, którego doświadczenia zostały poddane analizie, jest słynny francuski poeta, historyk i polityk – Alphonse de Lamartine. W rozważaniach na temat jego pielgrzymki została wykorzystana kategoria gestu, która pozwoliła zbadać charakter relacji człowieka z Bogiem i sposób postrzegania Boga przez człowieka. Analiza zjawiska pielgrzymki jako gestu pozwoliła wyodrębnić pięć kategorii gestów pielgrzymkowych (gest Tomasza, Hioba, uczonego, oranta, dziecka), szczegółowo charakteryzujących możliwe zróżnicowanie postawy pielgrzyma w ramach jednej pielgrzymki oraz opisujących różne typy pielgrzymek.
EN
The main goal of this article is an analysis of pilgrim’s experience and attitudes during the religious journey to the Holy Land in 1832. Pilgrim, whose experiences have been analyzed, is a famous French poet, historian and politician of the nineteenth century – Alphonse de Lamartine. The study used a category of gesture. Category of gesture allowed to examine the nature of man's relationship with God and perception of God by man. Analysis of the phenomenon of the pilgrimage as a gesture helped distinguish five categories of pilgrimages (pilgrimage as a gesture of Thomas, Job, scholar, orant, child). By using category of gesture, one can characterize possible differences during a pilgrimage and describe the different types of pilgrimage.
EN
Part I of this article was published in the yearbook of 2013 and dealt with the biblical and exegetical backgrounds of the Job Problem. Part II of the article now deals with three classical answers given in the theology of the 20th century: (1) The „christological answer” to the Job problem in the theology of G. Ebeling and his school, (2) its „functional attribution” in Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics, and (3) its „lasting aporia” in Friedrich Mildenberger’s „Biblical Dogmatics”. Here it is pointed out that some answers to the problem of human suffering given in 20th century theology follow closely the footsteps of Job’s friends 2500 years ago. In the end the author asks how Christian theology can deal with the problem of human suffering without repeating the mistake of a sheer theological explanation that remains outside of the suffering itself.
PL
Część I niniejszego artykułu została opublikowana w Gdańskim Roczniku Ewangelickim w 2013 roku i traktowała o biblijnym i egzegetycznym tle problemu Joba. Obecna część II artykułu zajmuje się trzema klasycznymi odpowiedziami udzielonymi w teologii dwudziestego wieku: (1) „odpowiedzią chrystologiczną” na problem Joba w teologii G. Ebelinga i jego szkoły, (2) odpowiedzią w postaci „atrybucji funkcjonalnej” problemu zawartej w Dogmatyce Kościelnej Karla Bartha oraz (3) odpowiedzią w postaci „trwałej aporii” w Dogmatyce Biblijnej Friedricha Mildenbergera. W artykule wskazano, że pewne odpowiedzi w kwestii ludzkiego cierpienia udzielone w teologii wieku dwudziestego idą ściśle śladami przyjaciół Joba sprzed 2500. Na koniec autor zadaje pytanie jak teologia chrześcijańska może ujmować problem ludzkiego cierpienia nie powtarzając błędu czysto teologicznego wyjaśnienia, które pozostaje poza cierpieniem jako takim.
EN
The main goal of this article is an analysis of pilgrim’s experience and attitudes during the religious journey to the Holy Land in 1832. Pilgrim, whose experiences have been analyzed, is a famous French poet, historian and politician of the nineteenth century – Alphonse de Lamartine. The study used a category of gesture. Category of gesture allowed to examine the nature of man's relationship with God and perception of God by man. Analysis of the phenomenon of the pilgrimage as a gesture helped distinguish five categories of pilgrimages (pilgrimage as a gesture of Thomas, Job, scholar, orant, child). By using category of gesture, one can characterize possible differences during a pilgrimage and describe the different types of pilgrimage.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy w artykule są doświadczenia, przeżycia i postawy pielgrzyma, odbywającego podróż religijną do Ziemi Świętej w 1832 roku. Pielgrzymem, którego doświadczenia zostały poddane analizie, jest słynny francuski poeta, historyk i polityk – Alphonse de Lamartine. W rozważaniach na temat jego pielgrzymki została wykorzystana kategoria gestu, która pozwoliła zbadać charakter relacji człowieka z Bogiem i sposób postrzegania Boga przez człowieka. Analiza zjawiska pielgrzymki jako gestu pozwoliła wyodrębnić pięć kategorii gestów pielgrzymkowych (gest Tomasza, Hioba, uczonego, oranta, dziecka), szczegółowo charakteryzujących możliwe zróżnicowanie postawy pielgrzyma w ramach jednej pielgrzymki oraz opisujących różne typy pielgrzymek.
18
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Josiah Royce i Księga Hioba

51%
Vox Patrum
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2016
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vol. 65
653-681
EN
St. Augustine interprets the tragedy of Job presented in the Bible by two co­incidental and connected with each other scenes: the first describes the history of man depressed with suffering, who lost his property, family and health, where the second one shows the dialog on the spiritual level between God and Satan, in con­sequence of which Satan receives the power of doing damage (potestas nocendi) to Job. The matter of this power, its range and goal are examined by The Bishop of Hippo by means of the relationship analysis between God, deviland Job. The power of harming comes from God and He is definitely responsible for Job’s suffering. He gives this power for devil but only for making man more pre­fect and revealing His justice. Where the action of devil is the charge of insincere devotion, jealousy, suspecting of hidden sin and temptation of Job in order to make him turn around from God. But for Job the experience of suffering is the trial which is given from God and by it God demands from Job taking a decision. His reply to God is described by St. Augustine as trust and agreement his will with God’s will. The power of harming is limited first by God’s will and permission given by Him, next by devil’s nature as a creature which has to ask for harm­ing permission and hasn’t got any access to human heart, and later by Job’s will and a choice made by him. So potestas nocendi is not license of devil, but first of all the power of God and devil’s desire of harming.
PL
In The Laments, apart from the drama of the father and the poet, we saw the drama of the sage unfolding. The motto of the poem, questions about the attitude of man in the face of his own suffering, the truth about the irrevocability and inevitability of suffering under the influence of misfortune, considerations about the inability of the human mind to penetrate God’s mysteries, the presence of the person and thoughts of Cicero in the poem, all these constitute the wisdom of The Laments. The wisdom was to be the basic principle of human existence, the practical and theoretical principle on which it was to be based. The idea that it is to be internal constancy, understood as immutability, as a kind of lack of internal reaction to the course of things, has been questioned. When the illusion of one’s own wisdom has been understood and rejected, new wisdom emerges. It is to be an internal submission to Providence, an internal transformation under the influence of experience, which cannot be avoided because it is true.  
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