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Joseph Priestley a jeho přístup ke zkoumání lidské mysli

100%
Peterková E.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
|
2018
|
vol. 40
|
issue 1
89-106
EN
Th is article attempts to introduce Joseph Priestley’s approach to the research of the human mind. It is demonstrated in two consecutive steps how Priestley changes his view of matter and spirit, and how he moves to materialism. In the fi rst step, he redefi nes the notion of matter and gives it new attributes – the forces of attraction and repulsion. In the second step, using these new attributes, he explains the ability of perception and thinking. In these steps, he also uses fi ndings of the contemporary natural philosophy, especially the mechanics. For Priestley, man and his mind are part of nature. Th is means that the man and the human mind are a certain mechanism that works according to natural laws and can also be explained by these laws.
CS
: Článek se snaží přiblížit přístup Josepha Priestleyho ke zkoumání lidské mysli. Postupně jsou ukázány dva kroky, ve kterých Priestley mění svůj pohled na hmotu a ducha a dochází k materialismu. V prvním kroku redefi nuje pojem hmoty a přisuzuje hmotě zcela nové vlastnosti – síly přitahování a odpuzování. V druhém kroku pomocí těchto nových vlastností vysvětluje schopnost vnímání a myšlení. V těchto krocích navíc využívá poznatky tehdejší přírodní fi losofi e, zejména mechaniky. Člověk a jeho mysl jsou podle Priestleyho součástí přírody. To znamená, že člověk a lidská mysl jsou určitým mechanismem, který pracuje podle přírodních zákonů a lze jej pomocí těchto zákonů také vysvětlit.
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Přirozené náboženství Josepha Priestleyho

85%
Peterková E.
Studia theologica
|
2023
|
vol. 4
149-164
EN
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was a thinker who was interested in many scientific disciplines of his time. In this regard, his reflections on natural philosophy and metaphysics are particularly interesting. He held the opinion that man is entirely material and all the components that we attribute to the immaterial principle in man – the soul – are a manifes tation of the material brain. Man, like all material things, must follow the laws of nature, and therefore we can explain his entire functioning on the basis of these laws – from physiological manifestations to his actions. This excludes, however, the possibility of free human will. Priestley was also a devout Christian throughout his life, even a minister, and tried to connect the scientific knowledge of the time with theology. In this article, we will demonstrate how he interpreted some fundamental Christian doctrines and dogmas to make them compatible with his materialism. We will look at the question that caused the greatest embarrassment in his system, namely, how to combine mechanical materialism with the possibility of eternal life and the doctrine of resurrection.
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