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PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony nader częstym w twórczości poetyckiej Kazimierza Przerwy-Tetmajera wizjom rozkładu, których katalizatorem jest doświadczany przez podmiot wstręt, zwłaszcza opisywany przez Julię Kristevą „wstręt do siebie”. Rozkładowi, mającemu charakter destruktywnej siły, w imaginarium Tetmajera podlegają ciało i dusza, życie i śmierć, natura i poezja, podmiot i jego wspomnienia czy uczucia. Za najbardziej reprezentatywne przykłady szczególnego nagromadzenia wspomnianych motywów uznać należy dwa najwcześniejsze tomy – pierwszą (1891) oraz drugą (1894) serię „Poezji”. Do interpretacji poezji Tetmajera wykorzystane zostały założenia studiów afektywnych. W tekście zaprezentowano też następujące problemy: wstręt do życia, pejzaże rozkładu, figury wstrętu, rozkład „ja”, wstręt do cielesności, rozkład pamięci i wspomnień.
EN
The paper is devoted to common in Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer’s poetic work visions of decay, the catalytic agent in which is repulsion experienced by the subject, in particular the one described by Julia Kristeva as „fear of the self.” The body and soul, life and death, nature and poetry, subject and its memories and feelings in Tetmajer’s imaginarium are subordinated to decay—a destructive force in its nature. Most representative examples of uncommon accumulation of the motifs in question are two earliest volumes: the first (1891) and the second (1894) series of “Poezje” (“Poetry”). Assumptions of affective studies are employed to interpret Tetmajer’s poetry. The article also touches the following issues: repulsion to life, landscapes of decay, repulsion figures, decay of the self, repulsion of the bodily, decay of memory and memories.
EN
The first part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the 19th-century Polish music theory whose main focus was to study the relationship between text and music in vocal composition, especially from the perspective of the music features of the language and poetic works. Among analysed authors the central place is occupied by two discourses of Józef Elsner, and also the writings of Karol Kurpiński, Jan Jarmusiewicz, Franciszek Mirecki, Józef Sikorski and Władysław Wiślicki. Their goals are threefold: to define the musical characteristics of Polish language, to demonstrate the metrical possibilities of Polish poetry and to establish rules for proper linking text with music. The most im-portant criteria for the proper construction of the vocal work compiled on this basis are included in the second part of the article. They are then used to the analysis of 10 songs of Mieczysław Karłowicz (based on the poetry of Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer). This allows to see some regularity, both in the application of the rules and derogations from them, proving the suitability of this research method and shedding new light on creative process of Karłowicz and Tetmajer.
EN
The article aims to analyse changes in the functioning of the song titled Hej, Krywaniu (Hey, Kriváň) and their relation to trends in pop culture. Tracing the cross-media shifts has contributed to and complemented the multidimensional research on Kriváň, which earlier failed to take into account the performative framing of new meanings and has not included audiovisual arts in its field of interest. The paper is an attempt to build a bridge between traditional studies of Tatra literature and the modern optics of the performative turn, as well as a new understanding of intertextuality and intermediality. The analysis focuses on the poem Hej, Krywaniu from the volume of Kazimierz Tetmajer’s short stories titled Na Skalnem Podhalu, a folk song, the song Krywaniu, Krywaniu by Skaldowie band, a fragment of the film Operacja Samum and Gooral’s performance at the Woodstock Festival Poland in 2013 and his music video for the latest reinterpretation of the song.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu analizę zmian w funkcjonowaniu utworu Hej, Krywaniu i ich związku z trendami obecnymi w popkulturze. Prześledzenie międzymedialnych przesunięć stało się przyczynkiem do podjęcia wielowymiarowych badań nad Krywaniem oraz uzupełnienia dotychczasowych, bowiem do tej pory nie uwzględniały one performatywnego ujęcia nowych sensów i nie włączały w obszar swoich zainteresowań sztuk audiowizualnych. Tekst jest próbą zbudowania mostu między tradycyjnymi metodami badania literatury tatrzańskiej a nowoczesną optyką zwrotu performatywnego i na nowo rozumianą intertekstualnością i intermedialnością. Analizie poddano wiersz Hej, Krywaniu z tomu opowiadań Kazimierza Przerwy-Tetmajera Na Skalnem Podhalu, pieśń ludową, piosenkę Krywaniu, Krywaniu zespołu Skaldowie, fragment filmu Operacja Samum oraz występ Goorala na festiwalu Przystanek Woodstock w 2013 roku i jego teledysk do najnowszej reinterpretacji tej pieśni.
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PL
Young Poland poetry was dominated by artistic imaging, but its associations with music are also quite often mentioned. Many examples of its “musicality” can be found in various layers of poetic works, starting with their phonological aspect and versification, through the simple usage of lexical resources, descriptions of instruments and concerts and listeners’ impressions, up to attempts at finding appropriate means for transposing particular genres or specific musical works into poetry and even creating a poetic language modelled on music. The characteristic phenomenon of poetry challenging music can be observed during that period. The oeuvre of Fryderyk Chopin is especially important, as there are many sets of works concerned with Chopin’s music or the composer himself (about 150). Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer was one of the Young Poland poets to show an interest in this subject. The images created by Tetmajer’s specific artistic imagination were often defined by elements of a musical character. The best-known “musical” set of works by Tetmajer is the Preludes, considered to be his “calling-card”. Tetmajer used sounds in many different ways. Besides attempts at shaping this poetical cycle in the image of Chopin’s preludes, one should mention here the role of the music and songs of the highlanders, the repetitive distant chime of church bells, the various musical instruments, notes and tones reverberating in many poems, and the specific role of the music of nature. The works directly inspired by Fryderyk Chopin’s music (Mazurek Chopina [Chopin’s mazurka], Cień Chopina [Chopin’s shadow], Zamyślenia XVI [Thoughtfulness XVI]) are a good reflection of Tetmajer’s way of thinking and writing about the sounds of nature. They are part of the tum-of-the-century mood, since they use impressionistic, symbolic and pre-Raphaelite poetics. The poem Zamyślenia provides a sort of conclusion to Tetmajer’s poetical thinking about Chopin, and about music in general. The poet agrees here with the modernist vision of Chopin as a bard of the nation. Almost all the leitmotifs favoured by the poet and connected to his perception of music appear here: the effect of “listening” to sounds from afar, a soul filled with grief (reminiscent of the sad tones of the music), a mood encompassing the whole universe and moving deep layers of human sensitivity, specifically among Poles.
EN
In the article the author analyses a slightly forgotten satirical novel by Ludwik Szczepański, W naszej letniej stolicy, czyli przygoda rejenta Nowakowskiego w Zakopanem (In our summer capital or the adventure of Nowakowski, a notary, in Zakopane) (1904, published under the pseudonym Wincenty Ogórek). She tackles three topics: Placement of the novel in the context of other Young Poland period works referring to the discovery of Zakopane as an ideal place for summer holidays by Poles from various parts of the partitioned country, especially by residents of Kraków or Warsaw. In the first two parts of the article the author presents an outline of the plot and then discusses the topography of Zakopane and its environs, brilliantly depicted by Żeromski. The subchapter “…this Zakopane train is especially full of nice, friendly women…” contains a detailed analysis of direct and indirect (linguistic, stylistic, personal and cultural) references to Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, whose satirical anti-portrait as the poet Przerwański, is included in the novel by Szczepański. In the last part of the article the author points to those features of Szczepański’s novel which make it possible to describe it as a “resort novel”. In addition, she refers to other titles of literary works from the Young Poland period, which fit in with the proposed literary convention. The term “resort novel” refers to Jacek Kolbuszewski’s earlier concept of “boarding house novel”. In the conclusion the author points to the possibility of reinterpreting numerous “resort novels” from the Young Poland period with the help of the latest tools used in the description and analysis of various phenomena relating to tourism understood as a subject of research in the humanities.
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