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PL
Załamanie aktywności gospodarczej w sferze realnej, które wystąpiło w ostatnich latach w systemach rynkowych było spowodowane przez różnorodne zaburzenia w sferze nominalnej. Kryzys w sektorze bankowym, który poprzez kanały transmisji impulsów pieniężnych rozprzestrzenił się w gospodarce światowej, spowodował m.in. zmianę genezy współczesnego cyklu koniunkturalnego. W tych warunkach jest niezbędnym określenie możliwości wykorzystania istniejących modeli teoretycznych współczesnych cykli koniunkturalnych do wyjaśnienia ich genezy i właściwości morfologicznych. Celem poniższej pracy jest zbadanie kierunków ewolucji głównych nurtów teoretycznych, istniejących w koniunkturze gospodarczej do wyjaśnienia genezy i przebiegu współczesnego cyklu koniunkturalnego. W rozważaniach tych uwaga zostanie skoncentrowana na analizie najważniejszych kierunków badań cykli, które występują w literaturze przedmiotu. Opracowanie składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej zostaną omówione pieniężno-kredytowe koncepcje cykli koniunkturalnych, które powstały na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. W części drugiej zostaną przedstawione hipotezy ukazujące wpływ pieniądza bankowego na powstawanie wahań koniunkturalnych, istniejące w szkole austriackiej, keynesiźmie, monetaryźmie, nowej klasycznej makroekonomii, w teorii realnego cyklu koniunkturalnego oraz w syntezie neoklasycznej.
EN
Breakdown of economic activity which occurred in the real sphere of the market systems in the last few years was caused by various disturbances in the nominal sphere. Crisis in the banking sector (which through the channels of monetary impulses transmission spread over the world economy) caused, among others, changes in the origin of the modern business cycle. Under such conditions it is necessary to determine the possibilities of using the existing theoretical models of contemporary business cycles to explain their origin and describe their morphological features. The aim of this article is to examine directions of evolution in the main theoretical schools of business activity which try to explain the sources and the course of a contemporary business cycle. In these considerations attention will be focused on the analysis of the most important directions in the studies of business cycles described in the related literature. The article consists of two parts. The first one presents money and credit concepts of business cycles elaborated at the turn of the 19th and the 20th century. The second part describes hypotheses showing the influence of bank money on the origin of business fluctuations, presented by the Austrian school, Keynesism, monetarism, by the new classical macroeconomics, theory of the real business cycle and neoclassical synthesis.
EN
The question concerning the range of the functions of the state in contemporary market economies is not a new one, although it is a basic issue. It may still be encountered in the present day macro-economic discussions that express the anxiety connected with the great and ever increasing participation of the public sector in many countries' economies. The approaches to this issue may be divided into ones emphasizing the role of the state in economy and society, and hence proving that it is necessary for such a great public sector (and public finances sector) to exist; and ones considering the market as the basic regulator of the economy, and hence aiming at limiting the role of the state. These opposing approaches are presented against the background of the three basic functions of public finances: allocating, redistributing, and stabilizing ones. Concerning the first function – as there are lots of critical opinions, J. Gray's views deserve attention, concerning the state financing (but not producing) the access to public goods. Within the redistribution function of the state the concept of the welfare state is the most important one. And finally, the stabilization function of the state is dominated by the views of Keynes and his followers on the one hand, and the classical economics and its protagonists on the other. When discussing the state versus market issue one should stress the ideas of ordoliberals who developed the system of social market economy and contributed to the German economic miracle. The most recent theories are reflected in real life, in the experimental actions undertaken by the governments of some countries (e.g. Reaganomics in the USA, Thatcherism in Great Britain). However, they did not succeed in fighting the unemployment and making the economic growth more dynamic. This is why the process of investigating and reforming the state continues.
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