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PL
Sylwester Czarnecki (1877–1923) w pierwszych latach swego życia zajmował się dziennikarstwem pracując w redakcjach poznańskiego „Orędownika”, gliwickiego „Głosu Śląskiego”, „Dziennika Polskiego” w Dortmundzie i „Gazety Polskiej” w Kościanie. Gdy liczne wyroki w procesach prasowych groziły osadzeniem go w więzieniu uciekł, najpierw do Krakowa, a potem do Lwowa, gdzie przebywał do zakończenia pierwszej wojny światowej. W 1919 r. wrócił do Wielkopolski i osiadł w Poznaniu. Na stanowisku sekretarza miejskiego pracował do śmierci.
EN
Sylwester Czarnecki (1877–1923) in the first years of his life he was a journalist working in newsrooms „Orędownik” (Poznań), gliwickiego „Głos Śląski” (Gliwice), „Dziennik Polski” in Dortmund and „Gazeta Polska” in Kościan. When numerous judgments in the process of the press threatened him in jail he escaped, first to Krakow and then to Lviv, where he stayed until the end of the First World War. In 1919, he returned to Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and settled in Poznan. He worked as secretary of urban until his death.
PL
W latach 1897–1915 ośmiu twórcom (Teodor Bobowski, Ludwik Małolepszy, Hieronim Stefanowicz, Joachim Sołtys, Idzi Świtała, Sylwester Czarnecki, Zygfryd Kąkolewski i Eryk Średzki) „Gazety Kościańskiej”, od 1902 r. wydawanej jako „Gazeta Polska”, wytoczono procesy prasowe, w wyniku których musieli oni zapłacić 1535 marek grzywny i odsiedzieć w więzieniu trzy miesiące i jeden dzień. Ponadto w większości wypadków sądy zezwoliły na zamianę kary finansowej na pobyt w więzieniu.
EN
Between 1897 and 1915 eight editors and contributors of Gazeta Kościańska (which changed its name to Gazeta Polska in 1902) were charged with violations of the Prussian press law. In a series of trials Teodor Bobowski, Ludwik Małolepszy, Hieronim Stefanowicz, Joachim Sołtys, Idzi Świtała, Sylwester Czarnecki, Zygfryd Kąkolewski and Eryk Średzki were sentenced to a total of 1535 marks in fines and three months and one day of imprisonment. However, in most cases the fines were commuted to terms of imprisonment.
EN
This synthetic article presents reflections concerning the oldest windmill — a windmill on the Polish land, i.e. a post mill (‘koźlak’) from Gryżyna (Kościan municipality, Wielkopolskie voivodeship), which was moved from Gryżyna (fig. 2 and 5) in 1964/1965 to the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, and its so-called ‘small skansen’ area. In 2017 the funds from The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage allowed a thorough preservation and renovation, and a post mill regained the look from the 18th and 19th centuries (fig. 9). On this windmill’s crown tree a 1585 date (fig. 11, 12) and Latin inscription [ADI]VTOR ET PROTECTOR MEVS ES TV DO[M]I[N]E; signum G, a Latin cross and a carpenter’s sign (fig. 11, 12, 17) were inscribed. The second date was inscribed on a tail beam — 1792 (fig. 14). In order to verify these dates, a dendrological research of an oaken main post (vertical axis) and east and west pine quarterbars was conducted. A broader historical and genealogical research, which unequivocally confirmed 1585 as the time when the windmill was built and its renovation in 1792, was also conducted. These two events were independently credited to the people who accomplished them. The windmill was built in the times of Łukasz Gułtowski and his son Wacław, while a renovation from the 18th century was conducted aft er Gryżyna was bought back by the Wierusz-Kowalski family. A beautiful Latin inscription, which is a paraphrasis of the 27(28) David psalm, gave the windmill under God’s protection (fig. 17). In the context of the content of this inscription, a broad symbolism of the windmills was illustrated in this study.
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