Search results

1

Znak ochrony obiektów zabytkowych w czasie wojny

100%

Polak T.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1983

|

issue 3-4

188-192

EN

The endeavour of men of intellect and later of all societes and nations — the author says — to prevent a destruction of human attainments by wars has been known from the dawn of the history. Already in ancient days great efforts were made to save houses and towns from the effect of hostilities. All this, of course, did not prevent war destruction. Still, it shows that already then it was found necessary to protect human possessions, especially if they had a historic or artistic value. In modern days various peace treaties concluded after wars contained a clause on the return of previously plundered works of art. In view of an advancement in war techniques, the problem of the protection of national cultural property against consequences of future wars and conflicts is gaining on importance. The author presents a historic outline of only one element of the mode of protection, i.e. marking the historic elements in case of war. He reminds that the first recommendation to mark historic structures, put in form of a legal document, dates back to the second half of the 19th century and was worked out as rules of procedure during civil wars in America (1861—65). The author lists then documents regulating the marking of historic elements, namerly: Draft International Declaration on Laws and Customs of War (Brussels, 1874), Convention on Bombardment by Naval Forces at War (Hague, 1907), Convention on Law and Customs of Land War (Hague, 1907), The Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Washington, 1935), and the latest ones such as the Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property at the Time of an Armed Conflict (Hague, 1954). In addition to this, the World Committee for Cultural and Natural Heritage of UNESCO adopted in 1978 agreements on the need to rescue and preserve structures or complexes with the highest historic and natural value. It was also then that symbols to be used to mark historic complexes were proposed. The adopted protection and identification sign welcomes tourists at town gates and historic sites, speaks for their value for the continuity of cultural development. The history of endeavours to create protective signs for the preservation of historic structures and works of art against their destruction in case of war is only one of numerous actions of international organisations and thousands of anonymous workers in the protection of cultural property. Relentless time, international conflicts, ongoing urbanization and civilization as well as atmospheric cataclysms are the elements due to which all what is worth preserving is the subject of an ever bigger care of states and nations. Of quite a great significance are in this respect informative (protective) signs.

2

Konwencja Haska z 1954 r. a konflikt na Bliskim Wschodzie

100%

Sieroszewski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1973

|

issue 3

170-175

EN

The first practical application of the Hague Convention of 1954 during hostilities in the Middle East is analysed by the author who at the same time reminds that there were no possibilities for intervention by UNESCO for the sake of cultural property protection during the earlier armed conflicts as the Vietnam War or the Suez conflict of 1958. At the end of 1967 and in the beginnings of 1968 on initiative of Director General of UNESCO and in agreement with the parties interested the Commissioner Generals have been appointed to the Government of Israel and to Governments of the four Arab countries, i.e. Egypt, the Kingdom of Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. At the same time during six years of hostilities the Executive Council and the Conference General of UNESCO were several times dealing with claims submitted by Jordan and the other countries with respect to behaviour of authorities of Israel with regard to cultural property in territories under occupation. The above claims concerned the illegal demolitions, archaeological excavations, transfers of historic monuments and the like Both Executive Council and Conference General during these years took several resolution’s disapproving the measures taken by Israel and demanding the cease of such practice which unfortunately have proved unsuccessful. More successful proved to be activities of Commissioner Generals in their respective places of action. Due to their e ffective work and authority they gained as a result of their activities it was possible to settle or at least to clear a number of disputable cases and to incline the occupational authorities to resign of some measures intended for changing the character and townscape of Jerusalem. From among such cases should, above all, be mentioned here that of the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls which originally were transferred from the Rockefeller Museum to the Museum of Israel and later, after conservation, have been almost completely returned. In quite similar way was settled the case of an altar taken from Banyas, Syria that after some time has been sent back to its proper place. Much effort was devoted to clear the matter of a fire of a widely known Al-Aksa mosque which, as has been later stated, was burnt out not as a result of intended setting on fire but as a result of failure of electrical installation. The above mosque is now rebuilt by WAKF, a Moslem Religious Foundation acting in agreement with the Corporation of Jerusalem. Less successful proved the endeavours aimed at inclining the Israel archaeologists to resign of excavations in the area of Jerusalem’s Old Town and of demolition of some objects in the same area which might lead to disturbances in the traditional landscape of the Old Town Quarter. Summing up his considerations the author comes to a conclusion that the Hague Convention, though not entirely free of certain lacks and obscurities and unable to ensure the full protection to cultural property during the hostilities, can palliate some their results that as a final result may be of importance both for cultural heritage of countries involved in a war conflict and the whole mankind as well.

3

PRAWNA OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW NA WYPADEK WOJNY

84%

Zajadło J., Zeidler K.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2003

|

issue 1-2

116-121

EN

The protection of cultural property at the time of an armed conflict comprises an extremely essential problem. International law foresees detailed guidelines concerning this issue in its Convention on the protection of cultural property in the case of an armed conflict, the Executive rules to this convention and the Protocol on the protection of cultural property in case of an armed conflict, signed at The Hague on 14 May 1954. These documents list the instruments and legal institutions protecting historical monuments during this particularly dangerous time. From the practical viewpoint, particular importance is attached primarily to a detailed definition of the object of protection. The instruments of protection include the specially noteworthy special protection, the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, as well as the storage and transport of cultural property. Apart from the above mentioned detailed rules, which have not as yet been accepted by all countries, cultural property is protected according to assorted general principles. International law indubitably exerts direct impact on the contents of domestic law. Nonetheless, importance should be attached not only to law, but also to suitable social policies which ought to focus universal awareness on the necessity of preserving material cultural heritage for successive generations.

4

"Monumentum", T. I, 1967; T. II, 1968; T. III, 1969 : [recenzja]

84%

Lenard B.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1970

|

issue 2

148-153

5

Przestępstwo miastobójstwa? : projekt Konwencji Międzynarodowej AIDA

67%

Pruszyński J. P.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1996

|

issue 1

45-51

EN

In spite of the existing international regulations protecting the cultural heritage of mankind during wartime, the problem itself remains unsolved. Observing the atrocities of the Gulf War, the hostilities in Afghanistan and the recent war in Chechnya as well as former Yugoslavia we pay insufficient attention to the intentional destruction of cultural property. Taking these facts into consideration, the International Association of Art Law (AIDA) prepared a draft for an international convention against crimes known as: URBICIDE and CULTURAL GENOCIDE which, in fact, constitute wilful damage of monuments of national culture. The text, first discussed during an AIDA symposium held in Venice in September 1995, and then published in „AIDA News”, no. 7/1995, appears to be a particularly important effort to cease the unrestricted destruction of historic towns, temples, monastic complexes, museums and archives by means of increasingly efficient weapons. In a foreword to the translated text, the author recalls the premises of international conventions and expresses his conviction that the AIDA convention should become widely known in Poland, a country deprived of its cultural heritage during the second world war, where the convention should find, at the very least, strong moral support.

6

Realizacja zadań w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury w Siłach Zbrojnych RP

67%

Leszczuk E.

Bezpieczeństwo Obronność Socjologia

|

2016

|

issue 6

18-29

PL

Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie kwestii ochrony dóbr kultury jako jednego z podstawowych problemów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego oraz przedstawienie podejmowanych działań w tym zakresie. Praca rozpoczyna się od rozważania wstępnego, w którym zostaje wyjaśnione zainteresowanie wymienionym obszarem w kontekście konfliktów zbrojnych. Następnie autorka, opierając się na przepisach międzynarodowego prawa humanitarnego, a zwłaszcza Konwencji Haskiej, wymienia główne założenia prawne, a także wskazuje na działania Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej oraz praktyczne ćwiczenia wojskowe w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury. W artykule omówiono również kwestię współpracy cywilno-wojskowej w tym obszarze.

EN

The aim of the text is to present issues protection of cultural heritage as one the fundamental problems of cultural security and to present actions taken in this field. The construction of this study was preceded by a preliminary contemplating in which as a result of military conflict, interest mentioned in this area has begun. Then, author list the main assumptions law, based on the provisions of international humanitarian law in particular the Hague Convention. The continuation this problem is to point the activities the Ministry of National Defence and practical military exercises in the protection of cultural heritage. In the article is also a analyzed the issue of civil-military cooperation in this area. At the end of the text author summarizing the reflections on the main issues.

7

Koncepcje prawne w zakresie prawa międzynarodowego wypracowane w III Rzeszy a jej polityka okupacji

30%

Migdał P.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

|

2017

|

issue 2

123-165

EN

Taking into account previous experiences related to the investigation of occupation systems of the Axis powers during World War II, and in particular the dominant role of the Third Reich, it seems that there are large gaps in this area and the status of those studies can be considered largely insufficient. The weakness of the existing studies is their reduction to the occupation policy and formal structures, i.e. they are rather fragmentary. Only rarely do they take into consideration comparative documentation which shows the holistic development of organizational structures of invader’s administration along with its entire experience and collective functioning mechanisms as well as the demonstration of its effectiveness. This article is an attempt to determine whether and to what extent the exercise of occupation or other forms of governance by the Third Reich under Hitler’s rule over other territories or nations constituted a political and legal system, what were different types of governance over individual territories and conquered populations in a specific legal, socio-economic and political situation. It should be noted, however, that the term “occupation” used commonly in the political history of that period is not sufficient to properly describe this phenomenon in the language of law. It is too general and inadequate to the legal status of the territories occupied or controlled by Germany, including those illegally annexed (such as “eingegliederte Ostgebiete” [annexed Eastern territories] in Poland), those that have been politically subordinated with the deprivation of peoples living there of their sovereign political power (such as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), as well as those which were only forcibly incorporated into the orbit of influence of the Third Reich but with the maintenance of satellite governments (e.g. Slovakia).

PL

Uwzględniając dotychczasowe doświadczenia w badaniach nad systemami okupacji krajów Osi w trakcie II wojny światowej a szczególnie dominującej III Rzeszy niemieckiej, wydaje się, że występują w tym zakresie duże braki a stan tych badań można uznać za daleko niewystarczający. Słabością istniejących badań jest ograniczenie się do polityki okupacyjnej i struktur formalnych, czyli ich pewna wycinkowość. Rzadko uwzględnia się w nich dokumentacje porównawczą, ukazującą całościowe kształtowanie się struktur organizacyjnych zarządów okupacyjnych z uwzględnieniem całokształtu doświadczenia oraz zbiorczego mechanizmu funkcjonowania, przy wykazaniu także jego efektywności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest, próba ustalenia, czy i o ile wypełnianie okupacji lub innych form władztwa przez III Rzeszę hitlerowską nad innymi terytoriami państwowymi czy narodami stanowiło system polityczno-prawny, jak kształtowały się różne postacie władania nad poszczególnymi terytoriami i wobec podbitej ludności w określonej sytuacji prawnej, społeczno-gospodarczej i politycznej. Należy przy tym podkreślić, że pojęcie „okupacja” używane powszechnie w historii politycznej tego okresu, nie wystarczy do poprawnego opisu zjawiska w języku nauki prawa. Jest ono zbyt ogólne i prawnicze nieadekwatne do stanu prawnego ziem zajętych lub kontrolowanych przez Niemcy i to zarówno tych anektowanych w sposób bezprawny (takich jak „eingegliederte Ostgebiete” w Polsce) jak i tych które zostały podporządkowane politycznie z pozbawieniem zamieszkałych tam narodów ich suwerennej władzy politycznej (takich jak Protektorat Czech i Moraw) i wreszcie tych, które zostały jedynie włączone przymusowo w orbitę wpływów III Rzeszy z utrzymaniem w nich rządów satelickich (np. Słowacja).

Refine search results

5 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Bezpieczeństwo Obronność Socjologia

1 Studia Prawnicze KUL

1 Lenard B.

1 Leszczuk E.

1 Migdał P.

1 Polak T.

1 Pruszyński J. P.

1 Sieroszewski W.

1 Zajadło J.

1 Zeidler K.

2 2017

1 2003

1 1996

1 1983

1 1973

1 1970

Znak ochrony obiektów zabytkowych w czasie wojny

Konwencja Haska z 1954 r. a konflikt na Bliskim Wschodzie

PRAWNA OCHRONA ZABYTKÓW NA WYPADEK WOJNY

"Monumentum", T. I, 1967; T. II, 1968; T. III, 1969 : [recenzja]

Przestępstwo miastobójstwa? : projekt Konwencji Międzynarodowej AIDA

Realizacja zadań w zakresie ochrony dóbr kultury w Siłach Zbrojnych RP

Koncepcje prawne w zakresie prawa międzynarodowego wypracowane w III Rzeszy a jej polityka okupacji