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IT
L’articolo si propone di valutare l’evoluzione dei vincoli alla compravendita degli immobili agricoli, tenendo conto sia della specificità dei contratti di trasferimento di proprietà degli immobili agricoli sia di un carattere pubblico che caratterizza l’ingerenza della pubblica amministrazione nella compravendita in esame. Un caso particolare di tale ingerenza è l’autorizzazione del Direttore generale del Centro nazionale per il sostegno agricolo all’acquisto di un immobile agricolo da parte di un ente che non soddisfa i requisiti di legge. Tale autorizzazione è espressa sotto forma di decisione amministrativa e viene rilasciata prima della stipulazione dei contratti di trasferimento di proprietà degli immobili agricoli. Nella parte conclusiva l’autrice fa notare che la suddetta ingerenza è aumentata. Questo processo si realizza attraverso modalità di carattere pubblico in quanto il fatto di dover ottenere l’autorizzazione del Direttore generale del Centro è un’ingerenza imperiosa nella sfera dei diritti di proprietà.
EN
The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of restrictions on the trading in agricultural real estate, taking into account the specific nature of contracts that lead to the transfer of agricultural real estate, and the public law nature of interference exercised by a public authority in the trading in agricultural real estate. A particular manifestation of such interference is the requirement of a consent of the General Director of the State Centre for the Support of Agriculture prior to the acquisition of agricultural real estate by an entity that does not meet the statutory prerequisites. The consent takes the form of an administrative decision and precedes the conclusion of agreements resulting in the transfer of ownership of agricultural real estate. The study has determined that there is an ongoing increase of the state interference in the trading in agricultural real estate being implemented with the use of public law means. The mandatory consent of the General Director of the State Centre for the Support of Agriculture constitutes a sovereign interference in the sphere of property rights.
PL
Celem rozważań jest ocena ewolucji ograniczeń w obrocie nieruchomościami rolnymi, z uwzględnieniem swoistego charakteru umów prowadzących do przeniesienia własności nieruchomości rolnych oraz publicznoprawnego charakteru ingerencji władzy publicznej w obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi. Szczególnym przejawem takiej ingerencji jest zgoda dyrektora generalnego KOWR na nabycie nieruchomości rolnej przez podmiot, który nie spełnia ustawowych przesłanek. Zgoda taka wyrażana jest w formie decyzji administracyjnej i poprzedza zawarcie umów, które skutkują przeniesieniem własności nieruchomości rolnej. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza wzrost ingerencji państwa w obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi. Proces ten realizowany jest przy zastosowaniu metod publicznoprawnych. Konieczność uzyskania zgody dyrektora generalnego KOWR stanowi bowiem władczą ingerencję w sferę prawa własności.
PL
The Act on Management of Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury contains a regulation on contractual obligations imposed on the purchaser of an agricultural property acquired from the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury. These obligations are not imposed on the purchaser by operation of law, however, there is a requirement that they have to be included, in certain cases of acquisition detailed in the provisions of the Act, in the content of the real estate sales agreement. The sales agreement has to stipulate that the purchaser is prohibited from selling the real estate for a period of 15 years from its acquisition; the purchaser is obliged to conduct agricultural activity on the purchased property; and that during this period, the purchaser may not encumber the property with any mortgage. Any violation of the aforementioned stipulations shall result in the purchaser’s obligation to pay an amount equal to 40% of the property’s sale price. In addition, the legislator has introduced the obligation to pay this amount in the event that the purchaser makes any false statement or representation as to the origin of the funds allocated to the purchase of the real estate. The provisions relating to the issues raised in the article cause a number of interpretative doubts as to their correct understanding. In particular, this applies to the legal nature of the obligation to pay an amount equal to 40% of the price of the purchased real estate property.
EN
At present, the agricultural real estate can be, in principle, acquired only by an, so called, individual farmer. However, the latest amendments to the Act of 11 April 2003 on Formation of the Agricultural System, created some new, liberalizing derogations from previously mentioned general rule. Moreover, together with these derogations, the structure of the Act has become more complicated. This article is devoted to the questions caused by modified regulations, especially in the field of notary practice.
EN
In the opinion of the Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS) the dynamics of the produce export to the EU states may decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to look for new markets. That is why promotion of agricultural produce is becoming a more and more important factor, which has an impact on the growth of export and consumption. The findings of previous engagements have encouraged NIK to conduct an audit of the promotion of Polish food abroad. The related activities were performed mainly on the basis of the Food Promotion Strategy elaborated in 2017. These activities were effective: from 2017 to 2020 the exports of Polish produce increased by over six billion EUR, i.e. by over 20 percent. It was not, however, possible to evaluate the total effectiveness and efficiency of the measures introduced, since the Ministry did not set indicators for measuring the implementation of objectives in the area.
PL
Ustalenia wcześniejszych badań1 skłoniły NIK do przeprowadzenia kontroli promocji polskiej żywności za granicą. Podjęto ją głównie na podstawie założeń określonych w Strategii promocji żywności Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi, opracowanej w 2017 r. Okazała się skuteczna: w latach 2017–2020 eksport naszych artykułów rolno-spożywczych wzrósł o ponad 6 miliardów euro, czyli o ok. 22%. Jednak pełna ocena skuteczności i efektywności podejmowanych działań nie była możliwa, ponieważ Ministerstwo nie określiło mierników realizacji celów w tym obszarze.
IT
L’articolo si propone di determinare l’impatto che i cambiamenti apportati alle regolazioni giuridiche, specie quelli introdotti dalla legge del 14 aprile 2016 sulla sospensione della vendita di beni immobili appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato, hanno avuto sulle forme di gestione del suo patrimonio. Si tratta in particolare di determinare quale di queste forme prevalga nonché il contesto giuridico in cui esse funzionano. L’Autrice fa tra l’altro notare un’importanza minore attribuita alla vendita di beni immobili appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato rispetto agli anni 2009–2014 nonché un crescente aumento dei terreni agricoli in affitto. Pertanto, la modifica legislativa in esame ha permesso di rafforzare il ruolo che l’affitto stesso assume nei rapporti agricoli. L’Autrice osserva inoltre che il Centro nazionale per il sostegno agricolo gode di maggiori diritti in caso di vendita di immobili agricoli appartenenti all’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato, non solo prima, ma anche dopo la conclusione del contratto. Questa istituzione è anche attiva nell’esercitare il diritto di prelazione nel campo dell’acquisto di quote o azioni in società proprietarie degli immobili agricoli.
EN
The aim of the author of the article was to determine the impact of the amendments to the legal regulations, especially those introduced by the Act of 14 April 2016 on suspending the sale of real estate from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock, on the forms of property development. In particular, it is to determine which of these forms dominate and to indicate the legal conditions related to their functioning.  Among other things, it has been noted the sale of the property from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock has significantly decreased in comparison with the years 2009–2014, while the area of agricultural land being leased is growing. The amendments to the regulations have therefore strengthened the role of leasing in rural relations. Moreover, the National Agricultural Support Centre enjoys greater rights when selling agricultural property from the State Treasury Agricultural Property Stock, not only before but also after the contract of sale is finalised. The same is true when it comes to the exercise of the pre-emption right to acquire shares in companies owing agricultural property.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu zmian w przepisach prawa, w szczególności wprowadzonych ustawą z 14 kwietnia 2016 r. o wstrzymaniu sprzedaży nieruchomości z Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa, na formy rozwój nieruchomości, a w szczególności określenie, które z tych form dominują, oraz wskazanie uwarunkowań prawnych związanych z ich funkcjonowaniem. Odnotowano m.in. znaczny spadek sprzedaży nieruchomości z Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa w porównaniu z latami 2009–2014, przy jednoczesnym wzroście powierzchni dzierżawionych gruntów rolnych. Zmiany przepisów wzmocniły więc rolę leasingu w stosunkach z obszarami wiejskimi. Ponadto Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa ma większe uprawnienia przy sprzedaży nieruchomości rolnej ze Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa nie tylko przed, ale także po zawarciu umowy sprzedaży. To samo dotyczy wykonywania prawa pierwokupu udziałów w spółkach posiadających majątek rolny.
IT
L’articolo presenta le principali fasi dell’evoluzione della compravendita degli immobili agricoli in Polonia dopo il 1989. In più, le considerazioni si incentrano sugli strumenti giuridici di base concernenti le trasformazioni proprietarie. È stata inoltre valutata l’evoluzione delle funzioni svolte dai soggetti che si occupano di compravendita di immobili agricoli in Polonia. Sono state indicate varie possibilità di formare il modello dell’agricoltura polacca a seconda delle regole adottate per la gestione della proprietà statale, inclusa la privatizzazione e la locazione. Infine, è stato valutato l’impatto delle autorità pubbliche sulla compravendita di immobili agricoli privati nel contesto delle regolazioni europee.
EN
The article presents the main stages of the evolution of the transactions involving agricultural real estate in Poland after 1989. The focus is on the basic legal instruments applicable to ownership transformation. The evolution of the functions of legal entities dealing with agricultural real estate trading in Poland has also been assessed. Various possibilities of shaping the model of Polish agriculture have been proposed, depending on the adopted rules of managing state property, including privatisation or lease. Finally, the impact of public authorities on the trading in private agricultural real estate has been assessed in the context of European regulations.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono główne etapy ewolucji obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi w Polsce po 1989 r. Ponadto rozważania koncentrują się na podstawowych instrumentach prawnych dotyczących przekształceń własnościowych, autorzy ocenili także ewolucję funkcji podmiotów zajmujących się obrotem nieruchomościami rolnymi. W rozważaniach pokazane zostały różne możliwości kształtowania modelu polskiego rolnictwa w zależności od przyjętych zasad gospodarowania majątkiem państwowym, w tym prywatyzacji czy dzierżawy. Określony został też wpływ władz publicznych na obrót prywatnymi nieruchomościami rolnymi w kontekście regulacji europejskich.
PL
Pending the entry into force of the Common Agricultural Organization of Agricultural Markets in 2007, there were twenty one coexisting industry market organizations as defined in the relevant basic EU regulations. Merging in one legal act the provisions of several dozen other EU regulations and looking at the single European market in a holistic and not sectoral way, illustrates the current way of running the Common Agricultural Policy, which seeks to comprehensively address the problems of the European agricultural market. From 1st September 2017, there has been a National Support Center for Agriculture, which took over the tasks of two liquidated agencies: the Agricultural Property Agency and the Agricultural Market Agency. Adaptation of the Polish legislation within the framework of agricultural policy will have to take into account the changes taking place in the Common Agricultural Policy in the future. From 1st October 2017, the sugar-producing quota system which existed for the last 50 years, setting the limits for individual Member States of the European Union, was terminated. This was the last system of agricultural quotas within the European Union. Following the harmonization of the Polish legislation with European standards, we are aware of the fact that the EU law is constantly facing changes.
IT
L’articolo si propone di valutare l’influenza della legge del 26 aprile 2019, che modifica la legge sul regime agricolo, e di alcune altre leggi esercitata nell’ambito della compravendita di immobili del patrimonio dell’Agenzia fondiaria agricola Tesoro di Stato. La modifica legislativa apportata ha cambiato in modo significativo le regole di gestione degli immobili agricoli Tesoro di Stato da parte del Centro nazionale per il sostegno all’agricoltura. Nello specifico, le modifiche hanno riguardato l'organizzazione di gare d’appalto ristrette, a sostegno delle aziende agricole a conduzione familiare, il rafforzamento della posizione del locatario dei terreni Tesoro di Stato, nonché la creazione di centri di produzione agricola da parte del Centro nazionale di sostegno all’agricoltura. L'autore mette in rilievo le conseguenze pratiche delle modifiche evocate e formula conclusioni de lege ferenda
EN
The article assesses the impact of the Act of 26 April 2019 amending the Act on shaping the agricultural system and certain other acts on trading in agricultural property of the Treasury Agricultural Property Stock. The amendment significantly changed the rules of managing agricultural property of the State Treasury carried out by the National Agricultural Support Centre. In particular, the changes concerned the organisation of restricted tenders aimed at supporting family agricultural holdings, strengthening the position of the tenant of the State Treasury agricultural land as well as the creation of agricultural production centers by the National Agricultural Support Centre. The author points out the practical consequences of the changes and formulates de lege ferenda conclusions.
PL
W artykule została dokonana ocena wpływu ustawy z 26 kwietnia 2019 r. o zmianie ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego oraz niektórych innych ustaw na obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa. Nowelizacja w znaczący sposób zmieniła zasady gospodarowania nieruchomościami rolnymi Skarbu Państwa przez Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa. W szczególności zmiany dotyczyły organizowania przetargów ograniczonych, służących wspieraniu gospodarstw rodzinnych, wzmocnienia pozycji dzierżawcy gruntów Skarbu Państwa, a także tworzenia przez Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa ośrodków produkcji rolniczej. Autor wskazuje na praktyczne konsekwencje dokonanych zmian oraz formułuje wnioski de lege ferenda.
EN
The act on suspending of the sale of the property of the Agricultural Property Stock of the Treasury, adopted a few years ago, revolutionized the agricultural real estate market. Due to its special nature and socio-economic importance, agrarian real estate should be the subject of special protection. The research attempts to analyse the effectiveness of the legal remedies introduced by the aforementioned Act. To answer the question of the legitimacy and purposefulness of the solutions adopted by the Polish legislator, a comparative legal analysis was carried out. As a reference provisions in force in this respect under Germanlaw, were adopted as being characterized by maturity and efficiency
PL
Uchwalona kilka lat temu ustawa o wstrzymaniu sprzedaży nieruchomości Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa oraz o zmianie niektórych ustaw2 zrewolucjonizowała rynek obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi. Nieruchomości rolne ze względu na swój charakter powinny być obiektem szczególnej ochrony prawnej. W badaniach podjęto próbę dokonania analizy skuteczności środków ochrony prawnej gruntów rolnych, wprowadzonych powołaną wyżej ustawą. Celem udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące zasadności przyjętych przez polskiego ustawodawcę rozwiązań, rozważania poprowadzone zostały w drodzeanalizy prawnoporównawczej. Zbadano odnośne regulacje obowiązujące w tym zakresie na gruncie niemieckiego porządku prawnego, jako charakteryzującego się dojrzałością i skutecznością.
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