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1

From the Faculty of Theology of the Kraków Academy to the John Paul II Pontifical University in Kraków 1397–2009

100%

Piech S. L.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2013

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vol. 3

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issue 1

PL

In 1397 Pope Boniface IX, at the request of King Władysław Jagiełło and his wife Saint Jadwiga (Hedvig), Queen of Poland, called into being a Faculty of Theology in Studium Generale in Kraków. Scientific talents and hard work together with universal support of the state and Church authorities set the young faculty on its feet immediately. The period of the first hundred years was a golden age in the development of the Faculty. It rapidly won fame not only in Poland but also in all Europe, mainly because of the speeches of its theologians at the Councils of Constance and Basle. The fame of Kraków theologians spread throughout Europe during the period of the Council of Basle. During the period of the Reformation, professors of the university, then called the Kraków Academy, were involved in defence of the Catholic Church. During the Council of Trent (1545–1563) in the university circles there appeared splendid works impugning the Protestant and neo-Arian views. The codification of dogmas at the Council of Trent facilitated the teaching methods and acceptance of Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas as the best interpretation of the Christian outlook.In 1795, Poland was completely erased from the map of Europe, torn and divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria. Kraków came under the sway of the Austrians, beginning a difficult period for the Faculty of Theology and the whole University. The Austrian system concerning politics and the Church, called Josephinism, was damaging to the theological studies there. The re-organisation of the Faculty in 1880 was very crucial. It restored full academic rights, and the increasing number of chairs initiated a period of intense re-building of the University’s role in Polish culture, which it had enjoyed in the 15th–16th centuries. In 1880–1939, the Faculty experienced something similar to a second spring, comparable with its golden 15th century. The successful development of the Faculty was dramatically interrupted by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 and the following gehenna of the Nazi occupation.After the war, the struggle with the Church, atheistic policy and laicisation planned by the communist government prevented a normal development of the Faculty outright. The faculty’s existence was in jeopardy. The threat of liquidation appeared unavoidable and then it became fact. The Council of Ministers of the Polish People’s Republic by its unilateral decision of 1954, without any agreement with the Church, connected the Faculty of Theology of the Jagiellonian University to the Faculty of Catholic Theology of Warsaw University to form the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, which had just been created by the government. The Faculty of Theology in Kraków survived as an independent faculty due to the uncompromising attitude of the Apostolic See and the Kraków bishops. In 1974 the Faculty, functioning within the Metropolitan Seminary, was bestowed the title ‘pontifical.’ A turning point in the history of the Faculty was its re-structuring as an academy with three faculties. In 1981, Pope John Paul II established the Pontifical Academy of Theology. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI elevated it to the John Paul II Pontifical University.

EN

In 1397 Pope Boniface IX, at the request of King Władysław Jagiełło and his wife Saint Jadwiga (Hedvig), Queen of Poland, called into being a Faculty of Theology in Studium Generale in Kraków. Scientific talents and hard work together with universal support of the state and Church authorities set the young faculty on its feet immediately. The period of the first hundred years was a golden age in the development of the Faculty. It rapidly won fame not only in Poland but also in all Europe, mainly because of the speeches of its theologians at the Councils of Constance and Basle. The fame of Kraków theologians spread throughout Europe during the period of the Council of Basle. During the period of the Reformation, professors of the university, then called the Kraków Academy, were involved in defence of the Catholic Church. During the Council of Trent (1545–1563) in the university circles there appeared splendid works impugning the Protestant and neo-Arian views. The codification of dogmas at the Council of Trent facilitated the teaching methods and acceptance of Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas as the best interpretation of the Christian outlook.In 1795, Poland was completely erased from the map of Europe, torn and divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria. Kraków came under the sway of the Austrians, beginning a difficult period for the Faculty of Theology and the whole University. The Austrian system concerning politics and the Church, called Josephinism, was damaging to the theological studies there. The re-organisation of the Faculty in 1880 was very crucial. It restored full academic rights, and the increasing number of chairs initiated a period of intense re-building of the University’s role in Polish culture, which it had enjoyed in the 15th–16th centuries. In 1880–1939, the Faculty experienced something similar to a second spring, comparable with its golden 15th century. The successful development of the Faculty was dramatically interrupted by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 and the following gehenna of the Nazi occupation.After the war, the struggle with the Church, atheistic policy and laicisation planned by the communist government prevented a normal development of the Faculty outright. The faculty’s existence was in jeopardy. The threat of liquidation appeared unavoidable and then it became fact. The Council of Ministers of the Polish People’s Republic by its unilateral decision of 1954, without any agreement with the Church, connected the Faculty of Theology of the Jagiellonian University to the Faculty of Catholic Theology of Warsaw University to form the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, which had just been created by the government. The Faculty of Theology in Kraków survived as an independent faculty due to the uncompromising attitude of the Apostolic See and the Kraków bishops. In 1974 the Faculty, functioning within the Metropolitan Seminary, was bestowed the title ‘pontifical.’ A turning point in the history of the Faculty was its re-structuring as an academy with three faculties. In 1981, Pope John Paul II established the Pontifical Academy of Theology. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI elevated it to the John Paul II Pontifical University.

2

Kraków Academy: The Crown Main School from 1773 to 1794

71%

Ryś J.

Rozprawy z Dziejów Oświaty

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2018

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vol. 55

77-107

EN

The establishment of the Commission of National Education initiated a process of profound changes in Polish education, including both organisational structures and teaching programmes. One of the first tasks faced by the new educational authority was the creation of a school system covering the successive stages of education from primary schools to universities. The new structures were to be headed by universities, exercising control over lower-level education. The existing universities in Kraków and Vilnius differed significantly from their modern European counterparts, so the Commission initially wanted to establish new ones. In the course of discussions and at the request of representatives of the Kraków Academy, decisions were made to reform both universities. The reform of the Kraków Academy was undertaken by her student, Hugo Kołłątaj, who learned the current trends in the development of European universities during his studies abroad. The reformed university, which was now called the Crown Main School, consisted of the College of Morality, with schools of theology, law and literature, and the College of Physics, with schools of mathematics, physics and medicine. The Seminary for Candidates for the Academic Estate was launched at the university, in which future teachers were educated. In departure from the medieval rules, the method of hiring and promoting lecturers was also changed. The university was to be a research and teaching institution with a comprehensive range of education opportunities. While modern knowledge, especially in the field of natural sciences, was to be applied in everyday life in order to contribute to raising the economic level of the country, the development of the social sciences and the humanities was aimed at shaping a new model of the Pole, a patriot and citizen.

3

Zawsze wierny? Sytuacja wyznaniowa w Uniwersytecie Krakowskim w XVI i XVII w.

57%

Machaj D.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2015

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vol. 59

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie w nowym świetle sytuacji wyznaniowej Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w wiekach XVI i XVII, dzięki wykorzystaniu pomijanych w tym kontekście źródeł (głównie albumów studentów) oraz dzięki wnikliwszej analizie tych, z których korzystali wcześniejsi badacze zagadnienia (np. akt rektorskich, konkluzji uniwersyteckich oraz diariuszy profesorów i rektorów). Uniwersytet Krakowski był katolicką instytucją, dlatego interesujące wydaje się przedstawienie stosunku władz uczelni do akatolików w okresie, gdy sprawy wyznaniowe stały się palącym problemem w Krakowie i całej Rzeczypospolitej. Założeniem było także przeanalizowanie możliwości funkcjonowania innowierców w kręgu uczelni w poszczególnych okresach oraz przedstawienie najważniejszych wydarzeń czy regulacji mających wpływ na politykę Uniwersytetu. Kolejnym zadaniem było ukazanie poszczególnych etapów administracyjnego wykluczania (na wielu poziomach) studentów akatolickich. Jednak same kontakty uczelni z mniejszościami religijnymi w Krakowie są kwestią tak złożoną, że pozostały poza granicami tego tekstu.

EN

The article aims at showing in a new light the confessional situation of the Academy of Cracow in the 16th and 17th centuries, using sources omitted in previous research into the topic and thanks to a more detailed analysis of the sources used by other scholars (e.g., Acta rectoralia, university conclusions, rectors’ and professors’ diaries). The Academy of Cracow was a Catholic institution, thus portraying the attitude of the university’s authorities to non-Catholics in a period of confessional struggle in Cracow and in the Commonwealth seemed promising. Another point was to analyse the possibilities for non-Catholics to function within the walls of the University in different periods of time, as well as to describe the most important events and regulations, which influenced the University’s policy. The author also tried to bring to light the subsequent stages of administrative exclusion (on various levels) of non-Catholic students. However, the contacts of the Academy with religious minorities in Cracow is a matter so complex, that it remained beyond the scope of the article.

4

Zarys działalności Kapeli Akademickiej przy kościele św. Anny w Krakowie w latach 1748–1800

57%

Godek A. E.

Muzyka

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2020

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vol. 65

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issue 1

38-56

EN

The Church of St Anne was erected in its still existing form in 1689–1703. In the same period, Father Grzegorz Ochabowicz made a number of generous donations to this church, funding, among other things, the ensemble, the organ and the posts of four priests penitentiaries who were to supervise the music performed there. A new ensemble, known as the Academic Ensemble, was established at the same Collegiate Church of St Anne in Kraków by Father Stanisław Filipowicz in 1748. The idea was to enable the church to dispense with the services of the Jesuit ensemble, the most active ensemble in Kraków at that time. Kazimierz Sojecki was appointed Kapellmeister of the new ensemble. Preliminary research has made it possible to establish the names of many other musicians who performed at St Anne’s in the second half of the eighteenth century. They also played at other churches then benefitting from the Academy’s patronage: the Collegiate Church of St Florian, Church of All Saints and St Nicholas’s Church in Kraków, as well as the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Zielonki. Based on the account books of other churches and of the confraternities attached to them, I also discuss the activity of the Academic Ensemble within the city of Kraków. The ensemble began to decline from the early nineteenth century onward, due to financial problems. Eventually it no longer had its own permanent line-up of musicians, but only hired them for selected feasts. Reforms reduced the ensemble to the music boarding school alone, which existed until 1873.

PL

W latach 1689–1703 wzniesiony został obecnie istniejący kościół pw. św. Anny w Krakowie. W tym samym okresie ks. Grzegorz Ochabowicz przeznaczył szereg hojnych fundacji na rzecz świątyni: ufundował m.in. kapelę, organy oraz czterech księży penitencjarzy, którzy sprawować mieli pieczę nad muzyką wykonywaną w kościele. W 1748 r. za sprawą ks. Stanisława Filipowicza, rektora Akademii Krakowskiej, przy kolegiacie pw. św. Anny w Krakowie powołana została nowa kapela, zwana Akademicką. Utworzenie własnego zespołu miało przyczynić się do rezygnacji z usług kapeli jezuickiej, najbardziej aktywnej wówczas krakowskiej kapeli. Kapelmistrzem nowo utworzonego zespołu został Kazimierz Sojecki. Dzięki przeprowadzonej kwerendzie udało się ustalić personalia szeregu innych muzyków działających w II poł. XVIII w. przy kolegiacie pw. św. Anny. Ich działalność obejmowała również inne kościoły pozostające wówczas pod patronatem Akademii Krakowskiej, tj. kolegiatę pw. św. Floriana, Wszystkich Świętych, św. Mikołaja w Krakowie oraz NMP w Zielonkach. W oparciu o księgi finansowe innych kościołów oraz działających przy nich konfraterniach omówiono ponadto aktywność Kapeli Akademickiej w obrębie Krakowa. Od początku XIX w. wskutek problemów finansowych zespół zaczął podupadać, aż wreszcie przestał dysponować stałym składem osobowym, ograniczając się wyłącznie do najmowania muzyków na niektóre uroczystości. Podjęte reformy ograniczyły zespół do samej bursy muzycznej, która przetrwała do 1873 roku.

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1 The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

1 Godek A. E.

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1 Piech S. L.

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From the Faculty of Theology of the Kraków Academy to the John Paul II Pontifical University in Kraków 1397–2009

Kraków Academy: The Crown Main School from 1773 to 1794

Zawsze wierny? Sytuacja wyznaniowa w Uniwersytecie Krakowskim w XVI i XVII w.

Zarys działalności Kapeli Akademickiej przy kościele św. Anny w Krakowie w latach 1748–1800