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Prussian Registers of the Proscribed/Outlaws as a Source for Research on Violence in Everyday Life of a Town in the Late Middle Ages

100%

Jeziorski P. A.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 3

7-29

EN

The main purpose of the presented text is an attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of the registers of outlaws established in late medieval Prussian cities for the research on the issue of the presence of violence in the everyday life of Prussia’s inhabitants. The primary sources used in the article consisted of preserved registers from Prussian cities governed according to the rules of the Chełmno law (Bartoszyce, Chełmno, the New Town of Toruń) or the Lübeck law (the Old Town of Braniewo, Elbląg). The starting point for further analysis was the discussion of the basic differences between proscription (administrative coercion and procedural measure, aimed at forcing the accused to appear before the court) and banishment (temporary or lifelong exile from a specific territory). What the author also addresses in the text is the question: how the proscription, by the virtue of the Lübeck law, acquired a much more repressive character (exhibiting features typical of punishment). Subsequently, the characteristics of the preserved Prussian registers of outlaws (14th–16th centuries) were analyzed in terms of their usefulness for research. Attention was drawn to the shortcomings of these primary sources, primarily to their incompleteness (to a greater or lesser extent); the reasons for this situation were presented as well. Given these shortcomings, an attempt was made to demonstrate the usefulness of the preserved registers in historical investigations. It was pointed out that they could be used for research, e.g. on the origins of conflicts among specific socio-professional groups, the character of women’s participation in acts of violence, or the attitude of municipal authorities towards cases of violence against representatives of the social margin. The article also refers to forms of verbal aggression and physical violence, also with the use of dangerous tools.

2

Prussian Registers of the Proscribed/Outlaws as a Source for Research on Violence in Everyday Life of a Town in the Late Middle Ages

100%

Jeziorski P. A.

|

EN

The main purpose of the presented text is an attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of the registers of outlaws established in late medieval Prussian cities for the research on the issue of the presence of violence in the everyday life of Prussia’s inhabitants. The primary sources used in the article consisted of preserved registers from Prussian cities governed according to the rules of the Chełmno law (Bartoszyce, Chełmno, the New Town of Toruń) or the Lübeck law (the Old Town of Braniewo, Elbląg). The starting point for further analysis was the discussion of the basic differences between proscription (administrative coercion and procedural measure, aimed at forcing the accused to appear before the court) and banishment (temporary or lifelong exile from a specific territory). What the author also addresses in the text is the question: how the proscription, by the virtue of the Lübeck law, acquired a much more repressive character (exhibiting features typical of punishment). Subsequently, the characteristics of the preserved Prussian registers of outlaws (14th–16th centuries) were analyzed in terms of their usefulness for research. Attention was drawn to the shortcomings of these primary sources, primarily to their incompleteness (to a greater or lesser extent); the reasons for this situation were presented as well. Given these shortcomings, an attempt was made to demonstrate the usefulness of the preserved registers in historical investigations. It was pointed out that they could be used for research, e.g. on the origins of conflicts among specific socio-professional groups, the character of women’s participation in acts of violence, or the attitude of municipal authorities towards cases of violence against representatives of the social margin. The article also refers to forms of verbal aggression and physical violence, also with the use of dangerous tools.

3

Miasta hanzeatyckie pomiędzy autonomią a władzą panów ziemskich

75%

Auge O.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

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2017

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vol. 72

DE

Das Magdeburger Stadtrecht hatte bekanntlich einen enormen Einfluss auf die Genese und Ausbildung der Stadtrechte und damit auch auf die Stadtentwicklung in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa. Die zweite große Stadtrechtsfamilie, die bis weit nach Osteuropa hinein prägend für die Urbanisierung und autonomiebegründend werden sollte, ist diejenige des Lübischen Rechts. Über 100 Städte, darunter Reval und auch Novgorod, werden dieser Stadtrechtsfamilie zugeordnet, die sich schwerpunktmäßig über den südlichen Ostseeraum und die angrenzenden Regionen erstreckte. Ein Großteil der betreffenden Städte verstand sich auf Dauer oder zumindest zeitweilig zugleich als Hansestädte. Um deren Ringen zwischen Autonomie und Landesherrschaft geht es in diesem Beitrag. Zu diesem Zweck wird zunächst die allgemeine Forschungssituation skizziert, um auf dieser Grundlage die Genese der städtischen Autonomie Lübecks im Spannungsfeld verschiedener miteinander konkurrierender Stadtherren bis 1226 zu entwickeln. Darauf wird am Beispiel der Stadt Kiel gezeigt, mit welchem wechselnden Erfolg andere Städte dem Lübecker Vorbild zu folgen versuchten. In einem weiteren, abschließenden Schritt wird dargelegt, wie sich die Hansestädte insgesamt gegen den zum Ausgang des späten Mittelalters wachsenden Territorialisierungsdruck der Fürsten und Landesherren auf dem Wege einer verstärkten Bündnispolitik zur Wehr zu setzen bemühten. Von einem Ende der Autonomie dieser Städte kann trotz des letztlichen Scheiterns dieser Bündnisbemühungen nicht gesprochen werden. Diese verloren die Städte erst im Zeitalter des Absolutismus.

EN

The municipal law of Magdeburg profoundly influenced the genesis and development of municipal laws and, consequently, of urban development in central Eastern and Eastern Europe. The second influential group of municipal law, deeply affecting urbanisation and the establishment of autonomy in vast parts of Eastern Europe, is that of Lübeck law. Over a 100 cities, including Reval and also Novgorod, can be ascribed to this family of municipal law, which extended mostly to the Southern Baltic area and the adjacent regions. The majority of these cities considered themselves, at least for some time, Hansa cities. This contribution focuses on the struggle for autonomy between these cities and the local sovereignty. The current state of research in this regard forms the basis for analysing the genesis of urban autonomy in Lübeck and its struggle with competing urban rulers up until 1226. Then, the example of Kiel shows how other cities tried to emulate the model given by Lübeck with varying success. Finally, this contribution outlines how the Hansa cities, on their way to an intensified alliance policy, tried to make a stand against the growing pressure of territorialisation exerted by princes and local sovereigns in the late Middle Ages. Although these alliance plans did eventually fail, this must not be viewed as the end of urban autonomy. The cities did not lose their autonomy until the period of Absolutism.

PL

Miejskie prawo magdeburskie miało znaczący wpływ na genezę i rozwój prawa miejskiego, a w rezultacie na rozwój miast w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej i Wschodniej. Drugą wpływową grupą prawa miejskiego, która w znacznym stopniu oddziaływała na urbanizację i ustanowienie autonomii na rozległych obszarach Europy Wschodniej, jest prawo lubeckie. Ponad 100 miast, w tym Rewel czy Nowogród, można przypisać do tej rodziny prawa miejskiego, które rozprzestrzeniało się głównie w rejonie południowego Bałtyku i na obszarach przyległych. Większość tych miast uważała się, przynajmniej przez pewien czas, za miasta hanzeatyckie. Tematyka artykułu dotyczy głównie walki o autonomię, jaka toczyła się między miastami a miejscową władzą. Aktualny stan badań w tym zakresie daje podstawy do analizy zagadnienia genezy autonomii miejskiej Lubeki i jej walki z rywalizującymi władcami miasta aż do 1226 r. Przykład Kilonii i innych miast pokazuje, jak – z różnym skutkiem – próbowały one naśladować wzór dany przez Lubekę. Wreszcie tekst ukazuje, jak miasta hanzeatyckie, w drodze do zintensyfikowanej polityki sojuszy, próbowały przeciwstawić się rosnącej presji terytorializacji wywieranej przez książęta i suwerenów w późnym średniowieczu. Chociaż plany sojuszy ostatecznie upadły, nie wolno tego postrzegać jako końca miejskiej autonomii. Miasta nie utraciły bowiem swojej autonomii aż do epoki absolutyzmu.

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1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

1 Zapiski Historyczne

2 Jeziorski P. A.

1 Auge O.

1 2019

1 2017

Prussian Registers of the Proscribed/Outlaws as a Source for Research on Violence in Everyday Life of a Town in the Late Middle Ages

Prussian Registers of the Proscribed/Outlaws as a Source for Research on Violence in Everyday Life of a Town in the Late Middle Ages

Miasta hanzeatyckie pomiędzy autonomią a władzą panów ziemskich