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1

THE NEOLITHIC ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURINE FROM ZAKRZOWIEC, SITE 6, NIEPOLOMICE COMMUNE, MALOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP

100%
Jarosz P., Szczepanek A.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2005
|
vol. 57
443-449
EN
During the excavation carried out on site 6 in Zakrzowiec in 2004 on the route of the intended Motorway A4, a fragmentarily preserved anthropomorphic figurine was found in a vast clay pit. The figurine was found in the base part of the upper fill layer of feature 416, on the depth of 90-100 cm. The artifacts depicts surrealistically a female with the thin, well pronounced waist and the well-modelled breasts. The body survived, but the arms are missing (they were probably spread out in the orantes gesture). An oblong, fine depression on the back of the figurine probably indicates the spinal column. The buttocks are slightly asymmetric, while the legs are preserved only in their upper parts. The figurine was made of clay with a fine-grained mineral temper, brown (partially black-brown) in colour. Its dimensions are: the preserved height 44 mm, width at arms 32 mm, width at hips 24 mm, thickness 15 mm. The pottery material from the vicinity of the figurine is numerous but very poorly preserved. There are fragments of hollow-pedestalled beakers and of pottery ornamented with knobs beneath the rim and on the belly. There are also parts of short neck vessels and wide-opening vessels with notched rim bending outwards (the so called sand pottery) related to the salt extracting process. In considerations on cultural and chronological affiliation of the figurine one should take into account the place where the artifact was found, its context, and analogies from other sites. The pottery material from the vicinity of the figurine is typical for the Pleszów group of the Lengyel culture and suggests a probable cultural-chronological affiliation of the figurine. Females' Neo­lithic figurines are interpreted as symbols of procreation and vital power of the reviving nature.
2

CLAY AMULET FROM THE LENGYEL CULTURE SETTLEMENT AT ZARZYCA, LOWER SILESIA

80%
Czarniak K.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2007
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vol. 59
115-121
EN
The author presents a clay artifact discovered at Zarzyca settlement in Lower Silesia and interpreted as an amulet. Together with the pendant, two thin-walled amphorae were found which demonstrated features typical for the older stage of the Lengyel culture (LC)- red and white painting. This artifact, made of clay, was an imitation of ornaments made of Spondylus gaedoropus shells. Those finds occur often in graves of older Danube cultures and are interpreted as imports and, thus, prestige goods, due to their distant provenance. They are usually connected with the LBC and were discovered e.g. in graves. A similar ornament was discovered by a dead buried together with stroke-ornamented pottery in Karsko, west Pomeranian voivodeship. So far neither pendants made of Spondylus shells nor their clay imitations have been discovered in the LC context. Thus, the discussed artifact is the first example of that type not only from Poland but from whole LC area.
3

RAW MATERIAL, PRODUCTION AND USE OF LITHIC TOOLS IN THE NEOLITHIC OF LOWER SILESIA IN THE LIGHT OF RECORDS FROM SITE 29 AT KSIEGINICE WIELKIE, DISTR. STRZELIN (Polish title below)

80%
Kufel B., Mikolajczyk A., Fabisiak W.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2010
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vol. 62
161-235
EN
(Polish title: Surowiec, produkcja i uzytkowanie narzedzi krzemiennych w neolicie na Dolnym Slasku na przykladzie zespolu z osady w Ksieginicach Wielkich, stan. 29 pow. strzelinski). The paper presents results of technological and functional analyses of flint artefacts from the site 29 at Ksieginice Wielkie, distr. Strzelin (SW Poland) dated back to the Lengyel culture. In our studies we took into consideration all phases of raw material transformation starting from its procurement, methods of blank production to the use and maintenance of tools. As a result of these studies, including more than 600 artefacts, we reached some interesting conclusions about adaptation of local group/groups inhabiting the settlement to the local raw material conditions, characterized by medium quality concretions obtained from moraine deposits. In the light of analyses it follows that in case of the site at Ksieginice Wielkie we deal with economical resource management. It appears that inhabitants of Ksieginice Wielkie reconciled their daily needs with local raw material situation. Finally, it should be mentioned that this model concerns only the situation from Ksieginice Wielkie and without former analyses taking into account such factors as the access to raw material or the length and way of exploitation of particular area, should not be applied to other sites.
4

AENEOLITHIC COPPER ARTIFACTS FROM THE AREA OF CENTRAL SILESIA

80%
Leczycki S.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. 56
53-86
EN
The paper deals with the comparative analysis of Aeneolithic copper battle-axes found in Central Silesia on the wide background of SE and Central Europe and presents typological, technological and spatial analyses of the described battle-axes.Two phases of appearance of copper battle-axes were established. The first one - dated to the Early Aeneolithic - was connected with influences of the Varna (Vidra type) and Vinca (Plocnik type) cultures. The early battle-axes are spread through Southern Poland. The second phase is connected with influences of Polgar circle cultures. Battle-axes from this culture center reached even Northern part of Poland (Kuyavien). Battle-axes of the Szekely-Naduvar type were concentrated only in SE Poland. The question of the reasons of the presence of the earliest battle-axes in Southern Poland are not clear yet.
5
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LENGYELSKÁ KUTURA VE STŘELICKÉ KOTLINĚ

61%
Trampota F., Jarošová I., Nývltová Fišáková M., Přichystal A.
Študijné zvesti
|
2012
|
issue 51
89 - 174
EN
The article discusses various matters associated with the Lengyel settlement in the Střelická kotlina (Střelice Basin). Its material culture is analysed, particularly in terms of ceramics, of chipped, polished and other stone production, and zoo-archaeological finds. The pottery is analysed based on the Numerical code of the Moravian painted pottery and its results are used for understanding the relative chronology of particular sites as well as for understanding the inhabitation of the Střelice Basin during the Lengyel culture. Local materials were largely used for the manufacture of chipped- and polished-stone tools. The Střelice Basin was a part of a broader region (Brno-city and surroundings) where the mentioned local raw materials were worked and sequent distributed. Imported materials prove transport of the particular raw materials from the Holy Cross Mountains, the Kraków-Częstochowa highland in Lesser Poland and with the Zemplín region, Slovakia/Hungary. Both polished- and chipped stone industry are analysed in terms of raw material and typology. The category “other stone industry” including all other stone items is analysed in terms of raw material and its expected function. Special attention is devoted to analysis of an individual buried in a storage pit in the Střelice, in Prostřední trať location. Here, the attention is dedicated to physic anthropology, namely morphometric and morphoscopic judgement of the skeletal remains and analysis of dental micro abrasion. Zoo-archaeological analyses confirm similar characteristics of the composition faunal skeletal remains with other contemporary Lengyel sites. Presence of bones from the wild animals is characteristic for investigated period. The study further explores settlement strategies, general characteristics of the material culture of the Lengyel culture in the Střelice Basin, and settlement in relation to a relative chronology. The Střelice Basin was chiefly inhabited in phases Ib and II b of the Moravian painted pottery/East-Austrian – Moravian group. The location of sites is oriented on periphery of the Střelice Basin. All Lengyel settlement sites are oriented to proximity of terrain slopes.
6

NEOLITICKÝ HROB (?) A KULTOVÝ OBJEKT ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ V NITRE-DOLNÝCH KRŠKANOCH

61%
Ruttkay M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue suppl 1
537 – 552
EN
In 2003, a feature – presumably a grave – was uncovered during an investigation in the southern part of Nitra-Dolné Krškany. Based on the radiocarbon dating, the grave was dated to the end of the Late Neolithic (5830 ±40 BP) – most likely the phase I of Lengyel culture. Due to the violation of the contexts, it was impossible to determine whether the feature was a grave within a settlement or a burial at the bottom of a storage pit. We were also able to obtain new knowledge about the feature no. 16 – a conical storage pit with five skeletons lying on its bottom. The radiocarbon dating indicates that the feature could be dated between 3570 ±35 and 3550 ±35 BP. Feature no. 16 can be linked with Nitra culture, probably its Nitra-Únětice phase. The context indicates that the bodies were intentionally deposited in the feature (not discarded). The central skeleton is, most likely, a man in a so-called frog position with arms in an artificial adoration gesture. Above him was laid a child who apparently died violently. The find allows various interpretations. However, the author prefers the explanation that the deceased were intentionally deposited in the grave with a certain cult intention.
7
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OPEVNENIE ZO STARŠEJ DOBY BRONZOVEJ ALEBO RONDEL LENGYELSKEJ KULTÚRY Z DEMANDÍC?

61%
Chebenová P., Cheben M.
Študijné zvesti
|
2021
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
227 - 237
EN
In the cadastral area of Demandice village, site of Čepiec a circular fortified area was captured during an aerial prospecting in 1998. After subsequent geophysical measurement and surface collection, it was found to be a rondel from the Lengyel culture. In the years 2013 and 2015, an intensive geophysical as well as surface collecting survey was carried out at the site. The main aim of which was to try to date the circular moat fortified area more accurately. During the survey, two, next to each other, typologically different areas were localized (the moat fortified area and a settlement), which were also confirmed by the geophysical survey. The analysis of the ceramic material from both sites showed that both areas belong to the period of the Early Bronze Age – the Hatvan culture. The interpretation of the geophysical measurement with the 16-channel magnetometer confirmed the assumption that it is not a roundel of the Lengyel culture period but a moat fortified area belonging to the Hatvan culture.
8
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VYUŽÍVANIE JASKYNNÝCH PRIESTOROV V STARŠOM ENEOLITE NA PRÍKLADE JASKYNE CIGÁNKA II PRI RÁZTOČNE

61%
Horňák M., Kissová M., Barta P.
Študijné zvesti
|
2020
|
vol. 67
|
issue 1
39 - 52
EN
The study deals with the analysis of pottery from the solitary finding from the cave Cigánka II near Ráztočno, localised in the mountain range Žiar in the western Slovakia. Ceramic material from this cave can be dated to the period of Ludanice Group of the Lengyel culture. The rests of carbonized food were localised in one of the vessels. It enabled examination of set of findings by scientific methods (radiocarbon dating, chemical analysis of lipids).
9

SOME REMARKS ON THE LATE NEOLITHIC OF THE EAST SLOVAKIAN PLAIN IN THE LIGHT OF EXCAVATION RESULTS AT POLGAR-CSOSZHALOM

61%
Pavuk J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2007
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vol. 55
|
issue 2
261-275
EN
The results of excavations on the flat settlement site and the tell at Polgar-Csoszhalom have complemented the knowledge of the Late Neolithic within the East Slovakian Plain substantially. The pottery from Zemplin in association with black-painted pottery represents a special group in the northern Tisa region. Its genesis as well as the historical and chronological positions is still unclear, but it is not a part of the Csoszhalom-Cicarovce group, it is older. The author discusses the development after the Bukk culture extinction. On its former area in the northern Tisa region and in the upper Vistula region after the sudden extinction of the Linear Pottery culture as well, cultural integration had appeared which resulted in formation of an independent syncretic cultural unit represented mostly by pottery from the finding places at Polgar-Csoszhalom (the flat settlement), Izkovce, Velke Raskovce and from the settlement sites of the Samborzec-Opatow group. This was an independent cultural entity along with the Tisa culture, Herpaly group and the Lengyel culture as well. It lasted probably only within the Lengyel IB stage. Then the completely different group of Polgar-Csoszhalom replaced it without any obvious continuity.
10

CLAY DAUB KOLOVÉ STAVBY LENGYELSKEJ KULTÚRY. PÔDORYSY, INTERIÉR A ICH FUNKCIA

61%
Pavúk J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 2
251 – 284
EN
The origin of the Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture formed on the basis of the final Linear Pottery Culture and its Želiezovce group in the primary territory of the western part of Carpathian Basin brought an essential change in all economic, social and cultural areas. In addition to monumental circle objects, the extent of changes is shown also by a principally new ground-plan and construction of stockade buildings. The construction of the garret in the house meant a main innovation in the Lengyel Culture building. Unlike the Linear Pottery Culture, there was a substantial change in the house ground-plan, since the construction of the roof frame with the rooftop was moved to the garret. The supporting posts of the roof frame within the house were not necessary anymore, which resulted in a more comfortable living area. The Lengyel Culture architecture, as well as its spiritual and material culture, thus came closer to the building style present in the contemporary cultures of the Tisa River Basin and in the adjacent Balkans, mainly in the Vinča-Pločnik Culture. The author classifies ground-plans of the Lengyel Culture´s stockade buildings according to a form, size, number of rooms, as well as according to the kind of foundations (post holes, foundation channels) and distinguishes nine types with variants. Changes in the development of buildings were occurring concordantly with the development stages of the culture, and the differences were tied to regional groups of Lengyel Culture. There occur also two types of small stockade buil-dings – with floors and stockade construction in a deep ditch (Těšetice-Kyjovice, Osterhofen-Schmiedorf), and above ground (Branč). In the underground part there could be a cellar covered with a floor, and in the overground part a granary. The clay models of buildings with the depicted clay plaster on the whole surface including the roof frame (Kočín, Střelice, Horná Seč), depict overground granaries for corn. The clay plaster over the whole surface isolated the construction against fire. Little stockade buildings served as a farm facilities, as well as granaries for corn. Remnants of a burnt house from the settlement in a dry river bed in Budmerice document the existence of a garret, interior and equipment of a house belonging to the Ludanice group of the Late Lengyel Culture. The atypical house contained three fireplaces around which there were containers and pairs of clay discs. The characterised house types were built at the time following the decline of Linear Pottery Culture and preceding the origin of the Baden Culture.
11

OSÍDLENIE JASKYNE DZERAVÁ SKALA V OBDOBÍ EPILENGYELSKÉHO KULTÚRNEHO OKRUHU

51%
Farkaš Z.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2013
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
21 – 91
EN
Approximately 26 m deep and 10 m high cavity of the Dzeravá skala cave, situated in Plavecký Mikuláš in the Low Carpathians´ Plavecký kras in western Slovakia, has ranked among significant Palaeolithic sites of thea central European importance already since the beginning of the 20th century. However, all of the archaeological explorations carried out so far have not brought any important knowledge concerning also the post-palaeological settlement, especially in the period of the late Lengyel culture. The north-eastern corner of the cave, irregularly modelled through erosion, as well as the cave corridor with sinter decoration intentionally closed already during the Eneolithic. The opening to the underground was laid over by a massive stone and partially also by a flat stone board. The outlet corridor itled originally to the surface on the bottom of the 1/C object, which was of an irregular shape, from three sides adapted to the curving of stone walls. From the west, the only side open to the cave, the pit was bounded three times by an edge bent almost to the right angle, bordered by three column pits and marked traces of burnt wood. From the filling mixed with a large amount of stones there were collected 1876 fragments of ceramics, 10 fragments of copper objects, an unfinished stone polished instrument, fragments of partially burnt or burnt animal bones, and 9 bone and horn instruments. The typological scale of pottery products is characteristic, first of all, for the Ludanice group (Lengyel IV boverlapping to Lengyel IVc), with marked influences from the circle of the Jordanów group, the Bisamberg-Oberpullendorf group, or the Balaton I-Lasinja culture. All metal objects were in a fragmentary state, often with marked traces after breaking or other violent division of the original wholes. Most of them may be classified as garrniture or parts of clothing. So far the only copper object belonging to work instruments or weapons is a flat blade with saddle-shaped bent back. The discovery situation and fund make it possible to assume a unique, perhaps “sacral” function resulting from a tradition of cult pit “thankful” or “bidding” presents for the “representatives of higher power”.
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