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1

W.V.O. Quine on What There Is

100%
Grobler A.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
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2008
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vol. 17
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issue 4(68)
137-145
EN
The paper considers Quine's maxim: 'To be is to be the value of a variable'. After some remarks on the actual and possible Polish translations of ontological commitment, an analysis of the doctrine follows. In conclusion, Quine's restriction of ontology to the possible referents of terms, to the exclusion of the possible referents of predicates, is claimed unjustified, both in the light of subsequent development of Quine's thought and in the light of empiricism in general. Next, an attempt is made to account for the question of the referents of predicates in the framework of empiricism. A solution is sketched in terms of a revision of the so-called syntagmatic presuppositions. In this account, Quine's maxim is generalized to 'to be is to satisfy a syntagmatic presupposition'.
2

The region as a discursive construct

100%
Varro K.
Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)
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2004
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vol. 18
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issue 1
73-92
EN
By treating concepts of space, such as that of the region as discursive constructs the author attempts to introduce a perspective that seems to be lacking in current accounts about Hungarian regionalisation. The discursive approach rests on the assumption that language is central to our knowledge about reality. On this basis, the emergence and role of spatial concepts is discussed in terms of their ability to coordinate human action. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to those questions that arise in connection with spatial concepts the meaning of which is not rooted in the Habermasian lifeworld and is thus not intersubjectively shared. Emphasis is put on the importance of the discursive context and power and possible modes of resistance are equally mentioned. Allusion is made to several strands of philosophical thought, such as poststructuralism and Habermasian action theory. These admittedly diverging accounts agree on looking at entities as discursively constituted and can thus be fruitfully exploited to develop a position, which rejects the taken-for-granted representations of space and aims at their deconstruction. This is hoped to result in uncovering oppressed points of view, as well as in canalizing current debates.
3

Semantic Field Analysis in the Study of Parent-Child Relationships

100%
Budziszewska M.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2009
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vol. 40
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issue 4
78-87
EN
This article discusses the applicability of semantic field analysis to the study of development and change in important interpersonal relations on the example of parent-child relationships. The narrative material was compiled from responses of 348 teenagers and young adults aged 13-30 years. Participants wrote about their parents ('Tell me about your parents'). On the basis of the context, semantic fields were generated for the high-incidence phrase 'to love one's parents', which is the primary model of conceptualizing the parent-child relationship in our culture. The results demonstrate the material complexity of the 'love for parents' semantic field in the study group, and reveal the associative network of other semantic relations involving this concept. They also confirm the hypotheses on subtle developmental changes in the understanding of 'love for parents' between early adolescence and adulthood. The study presents the application of methods based on linguistic analysis of language to the analysis of developmental changes in important personal relationships.
4

KNOWING SUBJECT AND EXTERNAL OBJECT IN LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

100%
Rastall P.
Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu
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2018
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vol. 25
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issue 3
339 – 367
EN
The claim of linguistics to be a ‘science’ is connected to its ‘objectivity’. The same is true of the philosophy of language. This implies a clear distinction between the language analyst as a ‘knowing subject’ and linguistic phenomena as an ‘external object’. The picture of everyday verbal communication contains the idea of speakers as ‘knowing subjects’ of verbal signals as ‘external objects’. Also, the correspondence theory of truth for natural languages presupposes that the language analyst is a ‘knowing subject’ who can assess the truth of objectified statements in relation to the factual world. The paper questions those ideas, and suggests that the objective orientation in linguistic analysis is a convenient fiction. It is suggested that analysts and speakers are components in a complex communicational totality, and can never be external objective observers of the verbal communication process. Consequently, a coherence theory of truth is more appropriate for language analysis of all types and for our understanding of speaker behaviour.
5
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The Definition of Mental Illness

100%
Kapusta A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2008
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vol. 44
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issue 3-4
269-284
EN
In this paper, some difficulties connected with the notion of 'mental illness' are presented. Firstly, the author concentrates on the conditions necessary for creating a good definition of mental illness and demonstrates the presence of two groups of criteria, which are in opposition to one another and cannot be reconciled. Next, relating to 'conceptual map' of mental disorders (following B. Fulford), common characteristics of psychiatric conditions are sketched out. On the basis of these analyses, the sources of such a diversity of perspectives on mental illness are located (from biomedical model to anti-psychiatry movement). The author points out that these definitional problems stem from accepting the implicit model of physical illness and the hope for naturalization of psychopathological disorders. The limitation of this biomedical perspective is presented by promoting the thesis that mental illness is a kind of metaphor. However, the consequences of such assumptions are different than those of Thomas Szasz' sceptic position. It means that the trouble with the concept of mental disorder is part of the dynamics of scientific research and discoveries and especially medical practice, where extra-theoretical factors are important part supporting official theories and therapeutic methods.
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