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1

Dzieło Neandertalczyków, czy późnoplejstoceńskich łowców? (Drewniany przedmiot z Wojnowa, gm. Kargowa, woj. lubuskie)

100%
Bobrowski P., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Goslar T., Kobusiewicz M., Lityńska- Zając M., Okuniewska- Nowaczyk I.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2013
|
vol. 61
77-91
EN
Excavations at the Mesolithic site in Wojnowo 3 yielded a unique artefact. Discovered in a peat trench, it was made of highly mineralised wood and had clear signs of intentional processing. Location of the site and history of research The site is situated in the commune of Kargowa, the district of Zielona Góra, Lubuskie Province (Fig. 1). It is located on the sand terrace, on the eastern bank of the valley of the Gniła Obra river, cut by the river in the younger outwash plain form the Poznań phase of the last glaciation. A large part of the surface of the valley was once filled with a large water reservoir, vanishing with time as a result of plant succession and hydrographical changes (Fig. 2). More broadly, the site is located in the area of the so-called Obra river Depression (The Zbąszyń Furrow), i.e. a depression valley of a meridian course, located on the border of two lake districts: the Lubusz and Wielkopolska Lake Districts. Wojnowo 3 is one of the dozens of sites from the Early and Middle Stone Age, identified in the so called Wojnowo Region, located in the young glacial area, at the back of a belt of moraines delimiting the extent of the last glaciation in the Leszno phase. The site was discovered in 1985 during surface survey and regular excavations were carried out there in 1992. Two excavation units were set up: one (I/92 – the main trench) was located on the flood terrace of the Gniła Obra river and the other, referred to as PT I/92, in the sphere of occurrence of organogenic sediments. Material for archaeobotanical analyses was collected from its eastern wall (Fig. 3). Palynological analysis of the collected core revealed that the onset of accumulation of sediments on the site can be dated to Dryas III, and the process was finished probably during the Atlantic period. The history of vegetation in Dryas III is contained in sediments with a thickness of more than 60cm and of varying origin: the floor sample comes from sand with detritus, samples from above are from sanded gyttja, whereas the roof sample is from peat. The charcoal from the floor layer produced a radiocarbon date 10 560 ± 110 BP (Gd-6901), which corresponds very well with the results of the palynological analysis (Fig. 6). Typological, raw material and chronological analysis of the wooden artefact The analysed wooden object is shaped like a tile – a flat cuboid. In a floor plan it resembles an elongated pentagon, with two longest sides parallel to each other. The cross-section is almost rectangular. The artefact is 35-45mm long, 8-20mm wide and 6-7mm thick (Fig. 4). Its colour is dark brown, almost black. The surface of the object is heavily worn out. The wood was undoubtedly intentionally worked along the longer sides; a clear trace of cutting with a sharp instrument is also visible at the shorter of the sides (Fig. 5). Identification of the raw material of which the described object was made is very difficult. Macroscopically, it resembled ivory, and such were the first identifications following its discovery. Preliminary microscopic analysis carried out back in the 1990s revealed, however, that it may be a fragment of a part of highly mineralised wood. The analysed artefact was re-examined in 2011. It was consulted with experts in the field of both archaeozoology and archaeobotany, and the identifications differed radically. On the one hand - on the basis of macroscopic observations - the raw material from which the analysed artefact was made was identified as part of a tusk (i.e. an incisor tooth) of a mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) or a forest elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus). On the other hand, specific botanical analyses revealed that the raw material can be of plant origin. Observations of anatomical sections in transmitted light microscopy allowed the conclusion that the analysed slide is wood, without doubt derived from a conifer tree and perhaps representing the common juniper (cf. Juniperus communis L., Fig. 7). For the artefact made of fossilised wood radiocarbon dates were obtained, i.e. 47,900 ± 1500 BP (Poz-42058). Both large standard deviation, and the range of the measuring method of 40-50 thousand years indicate that the obtained determinations of age should be treated as ‘open’ / nfinite. Certainly, the raw material of which the artefact of Wojnowo was made is therefore not younger than 46,400 years, but a precise determination of its age is impossible in this situation. It can be assumed that the wood from which it was made is of the early Plenivistulian or, more likely, the end of the Eemian interstadial or the early Vistulian origin. It is impossible to unequivocally identify the function of the tool from Wojnowo due to the significant deterioration of the artefact and the degree of its preservation (a small part). A similar object, made, however, from a fully petrified piece of wood, was discovered at site no. 5 in Stare Marzy, the commune of Dragacz, within a flint concentration associated with the activity of the society of the Sviderian culture. The tool has traces of polishing and is interpreted by the author of the analysis as a polisher, which could have been used for typical ‘domestic’ tasks. It seems most probable that already a slightly silicified piece of wood was eroded from the original layers and transported on a short distance together with the receding continental glacier and deposited on the surface, where it was spotted and used by the Lateglacial group that stayed at the site in Wojnowo. Traces of the Late Palaeolithic settlement were recorded at many sites in the Wojnowo Region. They are located both within the Warsaw-Berlin ice marginal valley, as well as along the Gniła Obra river valley. We can most likely rule out the possibility that the fragment of wood, of which the analysed object was made, was naturally transported across the river to the site. Analysis of terrace sediments underlying the organogenic sediments in the Gniła Obra river valley indicates the presence of only rocky material of fine fraction - sand and gravel, in the absence of stones and larger boulders. Currently, it is virtually impossible to determine the distance and the area from which the analysed object/material was transported to the site in Wojnowo. It could also be found in the nearest vicinity of the site, during the exploration of flint material in moraine or fluvioglacial deposits. Poorly-advanced process of silicification of wood probably facilitated the process of its working, namely cutting. An evident cut – visible on one of the long sides – is clearly different from the traces that arise in the process of working fossilised wood, which is one of the most commonly used materials used e.g. in the Neolithic in the Western Desert in Egypt. Full silicification of wood, used in stone production, resulted in the formation of typical conchoidal negatives, characteristic for working hard rock. In the subject literature there are numerous examples of using silicised or other organic materials by prehistoric communities that date back much earlier than the settlement at the site. In case of the wooden artefact of Wojnowo we also have to take into account the possibility that it was made at the time to which the raw material is dated, i.e. by some Middle Palaeolithic societies of the Eemian interstadial or the early Vistulian. For years there have been discussions in the literature on the possibility of the penetration of the Polish Lowland by communities of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis at the turn of the last interglacial and the early Vistulian. Several archaeological sites in the Polish Lowlands or Brandenburg are believed to evidence the activity of the Middle Palaeolithic societies (Poznań-Szeląg; Skaratki, Łowicz commune; Góra Św. Małgorzaty near Łęczyca; Berlin-Hohenschönhausen; Schulzendorf; Vogelsang). Conclusions Due to a number of aspects, the wooden object from Wojnowo with traces of intentional processing can be treated as one of unique finds on the European Plain scale. Artefacts made of organic material, with such early dating, are very rarely preserved to the present day. If we agree that the Late Palaeolithic societies used the raw material in the form of silicified juniper wood, we are provided with data that points not only to their interest in fossil raw materials, but also evidence the processing of this raw material. On the other hand, if we consider plausible a hypothesis that the artefact was made by Middle Palaeolithic societies, we get an invaluable argument in favour of the possibility of the penetration (settlement?) of the Polish Lowlands by those societies. But first of all, the case of the wooden object from Wojnowo should be a warning for archaeologists against too hasty and mechanical cultural classification of the discovered materials.
2

Transcarpathian contacts of the Late Glacial Societies of the Polish Lowlands

84%
Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Kasztovszky Z., Kabaciński J., T. Biró K., Maróti B., Gméling K.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
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2015
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vol. 63
5-28
XX
Identification of exotic raw-materials discovered within the context of Late Glacial societies of the North European Plain is a crucial factor in discussion about far-reaching exchange systems of goods and ideas. The present paper considers the occurrence of obsidian finds on the Polish Lowlands, hundreds of kilometers away from its sources located south of the Carpathians. The focus is on chemical recognition and identification of a large and unique assemblage of obsidian artefacts from two Polish localities based on non-invasive Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA). As a result, a clear connection of northern Polish obsidians with its outcrops located on the northern (Slovakian) fringe of the Tokaj Mountains was established that is the first detailed identification of obsidian finds from the territory of Poland ever. A review of Polish and Slovakian obsidian assemblages from the Late Glacial times and the importance of obsidian exchange and mobility for Late Palaeolithic societies of Central Europe are discussed supported by analytical results of PGAA. Keywords: obsidian, Late Glacial, Central Europe, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, exchange, mobility, provenance, prompt gamma activation analysis
3
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Przydatność zbioru dat radiowęglowych do rekonstrukcji zmian w środowisku schyłku vistulianu Polski Środkowej

84%
Dzieduszyńska D.
Acta Geographica Lodziensia
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2017
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vol. 106
117-127
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wykorzystanie zbioru dat radiowęglowych w celu identyfikowania tempa zmian w paleośrodowisku przyrodniczym regionu łódzkiego (Polska Środkowa). Na podstawie 175 datowań z przedziału czasu około 18–11,5 ka cal BP skonstruowana została krzywa rozkładu gęstości prawdopodobieństwa, której fluktuacje odpowiadają chronologii procesów morfogenetycznych. Wydzielono trzy zasadnicze etapy rozwoju w późnovistuliańskiej historii regionu łódzkiego i ustalono wiek ich granic. Potwierdzono początek ocieplenia postglacjalnego na około 18 ka cal BP. Zaproponowany podział chronostratygraficzny został porównany z niezależnymi danymi środowiskowymi – stratygrafią opartą na grenlandzkich rdzeniach lodowych oraz na interdyscyplinarnych badaniach osadów jeziornych. Korelacja zapisów wskazuje na przydatność zastosowanej metody jako pomocniczego narzędzia w rekonstrukcjach paleogeograficznych.
EN
The article presents the use of a set of radiocarbon dates for the identification of the pace of changes in the natural palaeoenvironment of the Łódź region (Central Poland). Based on 175 dates covering a time interval between 18–11.5 ka cal BP, the probability density function was constructed, the fluctuations of which correspond to the chronology of morphogenetic processes. Three stages in the Late Vistulian history of the Łódź region were distinguished and the age of their boundaries was established. The onset of postglacial warming at ca. 18 ka cal BP has been confirmed. The proposed chronostratigraphic division was compared with independent environmental data – stratigraphy based on Greenland ice cores and interdisciplinary studies of lake sediments. The correlation of records indicates the usefulness of the method as a supplementary tool in palaeogeographical reconstructions.
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