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Preliminary report on archaeological activities on the Late Period shaft tomb necropolis in Abusir, mainly the tomb of Wahibremeryneith (AW 6)

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Bareš L., Smoláriková K., Janák J., Landgráfová R.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2022
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issue 29
7-26
EN
In a group of large shaft tombs situated in the western part of the ancient Egyptian necropolis at Abusir and dating to late Twenty sixth Dynasty or early Twenty seventh Dynasty, a unique embalming cache has been unearthed. With altogether 370 large pottery storage jars and a number of smaller artefacts it certainly belongs to the largest finds of its kind in not only the area of the pyramid fields, but in the entire Egypt. All those vessels were found in a shaft (measuring 5.3 × 5.3 m) adjacent to a huge burial structure AW 6. Here, the vessels were subsequently laid in altogether 14 clusters, situated at depths from 4 to 12 m and adjoining the sides of the shaft in turns to form a huge spiral. In the uppermost group of the vessels, moreover, four inscribed canopic jars made of limestone were found, all of them empty and clearly unused. According to the texts inscribed on them, the canopic jars belonged to certain Wahibremeryneith, son of the Lady Irturut. Although a number of dignitaries of such a name are known from this period, none of them can be identified as the owner of this tomb. Judging from the dimensions and arrangement of his tomb, he must have belonged to the highest dignitaries of his times, together with his neighbours in the cemetery – Udjahorresnet, Iufaa and Menekhibnekau.
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The large Late Period shaft tombs at Abusir – continuity and change (a case study)

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Bareš L.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2022
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issue 28
7-27
EN
The large shaft tombs at Abusir have apparently been constructed during a rather short period of time (cer tainly not exceeding one generation) and, most probably, by one and the same group of architects, workmen and artists. According to the present knowledge, moreover, their owners seem to have been related to each other in some or other way. In spite of that, those structures display a remarkable number of differences in their layout, in the decoration of their burial chambers and even in such a fundamental feature as the orientation of the mummy of the deceased. While some changes in the construction details can easily be explained as an outcome of the growing experience in the building process, other differences (concerning, e.g., variations in the decoration of the burial chambers or the general orientation of the tomb) can only result from a deliberate decision of those who commissioned those monuments (including perhaps their owners as well). The paper enumerates the differences among the large shaft tombs at Abusir and tries to find their motivation.
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Tell el-Retaba, season 2016

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Rzepka S., Hudec J., Jarmużek Ł., Dubcová V., Hulková L.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
109-135
EN
Excavations of the Polish–Slovak Archaeological Mission in Tell el-Retaba in 2016 were continued in the western part of the site, uncovering remains of domestic and funerary structures from the Second Intermediate Period in Area 4. Houses from the first half of the Eighteenth Dynasty were also investigated in this area. In Area 9, several houses from the Third Intermediate Period were explored and, for the first time, also substantial remains of a Late Period settlement, including at least one “tower house”.
4
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Saqqara 2012: the pottery

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Rzeuska T. I.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
230-238
EN
The pottery analyzed this season was associated with the Lower Necropolis (areas of Chapel 14 of Ikhi/Mery and Chapel 13) from the late Old Kingdom as well as the Upper Necropolis from the Late through Roman periods, extant in this region. The assemblage from the Lower Necropolis supplemented the little known ceramic repertoire from the Saqqara phase II (Pepi I–Merenre). Of interest is a type of miniature vessel possibly connected with child burials. As for pottery from the Upper Necropolis, the form repertoire indicates that the area currently explored was the site of simple embalming caches.
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Objeví se další Iufaa? (Jaro 2015 v šachtových hrobkách v Abúsíru)

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Bareš L., Bělohoubková D.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
3-6
EN
During the spring season of 2015, the study of the texts and relief decoration in the large Late Period shaft tombs in the western part of the Abusir necropolis continued. At the same time, several trial trenches were dug in the area of another large shaft tomb situated to the northeast of the structure of Udjahorresnet. Here, two corners of the original foundation trench were unearthed, as well as the mouth of a lateral shaft (situated in the axis of the southern side of the tomb). The superstructure of the tomb was almost totally destroyed by the later quarrying of stone. In the debris, almost no finds were uncovered, except for three statue bases made of limestone.
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Clay funerary figurines from tombs MMA 1151 and MMA 1152 in Sheikh Abd el-Gurna

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Kaczanowicz M.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(2)
259-274
EN
A significant number of clay ushebtis comes from two Middle Kingdom tombs MMA 1151 and 1152 investigated by a Polish team in Western Thebes. The funerary figurines belong to a later phase of tomb reuse in the first millennium BC. Nine types were distinguished: six of baked clay and three of unbaked clay. The types and their distribution in the Theban necropolis are discussed in this paper, including the implications of these findings for the debate on the existence of workshops manufacturing funerary goods in Thebes
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Šedesát let českých (československých) archeologických výzkumů v Abúsíru

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Bareš L.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2020
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issue 24
49-63
EN
At Abusir, Czechoslovak/Czech archaeological excavations started in 1960. Until 1974, the work concentrated on the mastaba of Ptahshepses, the largest private tomb from the Third Millennium BC currently known from Egypt, which had been partly unearthed already at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1976, the Institute obtained a new, large archaeological concession covering the entire central and southern parts of the Abusir necropolis. In that area, the burial structures of the members of the royal family of the Old Kingdom have been examined, as well as mastabas of higher dignitaries of the same time and several large shaft tombs dating to the mid-First Millennium BC. Among the most important monuments excavated so far, the unfinished pyramid complex of Fifth-Dynasty King Raneferef and the shaft tomb of priest Iufaa, found intact, deserve to be mentioned. In addition to Egyptologists, a number of scholars specialised in various scientific and technical disciplines have taken part in the work at Abusir.
CS
České archeologické výzkumy probíhají na staroegyptském pohřebišti u Abúsíru již od roku 1960. Až do roku 1974 se soustřeďovaly na Ptahšepsesovu hrobku, částečně známou již od konce 19. století, která se ukázala být největší nekrálovskou hrobkou Egypta doby 3. tisíciletí př. n. l. Od roku 1976 výzkum probíhá na nové rozsáhlé koncesi, zahrnující celou centrální a jižní oblast abúsírského pohřebiště. Zde jsou odkrývány jednak královské stavby a rozsáhlé pohřebiště hodnostářů z doby Staré říše, jednak skupina velkých šachtových hrobek z doby kolem poloviny 1. tisíciletí př. n. l. K nejvýznamnějším objevům patří prozkoumání nedokončeného pyramidového komplexu faraona 5. dynastie Raneferefa a odkrytí nevyloupené šachtové hrobky kněze Iufay z Pozdní doby. Na výzkumu se kromě pracovníků Českého (dříve Československého) egyptologického ústavu dlouhodobě rozsáhle podílí i řada odborníků z přírodovědných a technických oborů.
8
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Faience objects from the Tomb MMA 1152 at Sheikh Abd el-Gurna

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Chudzik P., Ćwiek A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
701-707
EN
Excavations in the area of tomb MMA 1152 at Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, conducted since 2003, have uncovered a substantial set of faience objects coming from burials made there during the later Pharaonic Period, before the tomb became a hermitage for Coptic monks. Analysis of the material points to several episodes of reuse of the original Middle Kingdom structure in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period.
9
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Textilní produkce ve starém Egyptě a její doklady z Abúsíru

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Wollnerová D.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2019
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issue 22
106-116
EN
The aim of this article is to present the textile production in ancient Egypt. This material figured prominently in all aspects of life of the Egyptians. Information about it derives from the fabrics themselves and from the representation on tomb-paintings and models of workshops. In the first part, the author points to different uses of textile as documented in archaeological finds. Besides the clothes it was plentifully needed in the households, for funeral use, in religion and it has also its economical function. The second part deals with the technology of production of textile. The most common raw material for production was flax, but infrequently other plant or animal materials were also used. The prepared flax yarns had to be spun and iconographical sources show that there were several ways in which this activity was carried out. Special attention is paid to weaving. Findings indicate that in ancient Egypt two types of looms were known – horizontal and vertical. The extent of use of both of these types has been discussed by researchers for a long time. The finished products could be decorated in a variety of ways, the article presents especially those that are used on material from Abusir. Finally, various archaeological contexts of Abusir textile finds are outlined along with the functions of this material. Examples of some most interesting textile finds are also presented. Due to the character of the site, they are dated to the Third and First Millennium BC.
CS
Cílem tohoto článku je na základě archeologických i ikonografických pramenů představit textilní produkci ve starověkém Egyptě. Látky a výrobky z nich představovaly totiž velmi důležitou komoditu provázející každodenní život člověka. První část se zaměřuje na různé použití textilu, tak jak ho dokumentují archeologické nálezy, kromě odívání byl totiž textil přirozeně hojně využíván v domácnosti, pro funerální potřeby, v náboženství, měl také svou ekonomickou funkci. Druhá část pojednává o technologii výroby tkanin a textilních produktů. Nejběžnější surovinou pro výrobu byl len, ale vzácněji se používaly také jiné rostlinné či živočišné materiály. Připravená lněná vlákna bylo nutné upříst, ikonografické prameny ukazují, že existovalo několik způsobů, jakými byla tato činnost prováděna. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována tkaní. Nálezy naznačují, že ve starověkém Egyptě byly známy dva druhy tkalcovských stavů – horizontální a vertikální. Rozsah používání obou těchto typů je badateli dlouho diskutován, nejasná je zejména otázka, kdy a za jakých podmínek začal být používán vertikální stav. Hotový textilní výrobek mohl být zdoben nejrůznějšími způsoby, článek představuje zvláště ty, které se objevují na abúsírských nálezech. Závěrem jsou zmíněny různé archeologické kontexty, ze kterých pochází tkaniny z královské nekropole v Abúsíru, a zároveň jsou uvedeny příklady těch nejzajímavějších zdejších látek, datovaných, vzhledem k charakteru lokality, do 3. a 1. tisíciletí př. Kr.
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Další šachtová hrobka v Abúsíru – zatím více otázek než odpovědí (Jarní sezóna 2017 v prostoru velkých šachtových hrobek z poloviny 1. tisíciletí př. Kr. v západním Abúsíru)

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Bareš L., Bělohoubková D., Landgráfová R., Smoláriková K.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 20
3-11
EN
During the spring season of 2017, the study of the texts and relief decoration in the large Late Period shaft tombs of Iufaa and Menekhibnekau in the western part of the Abusir necropolis continued. The final publication of the texts from the tomb of Menekhibnekau is planned to appear in 2018. At the same time, the superstructure of another large shaft tomb, dubbed AW 6 and situated to the north-east of the structure of Udjahorresnet, was completely excavated. Originally, it consisted of an enclosure measuring about 19.5 metres square and surrounding a huge central shaft (about 14 m2). On the numerous limestone fragments, no traces of inscriptions or relief decoration have been preserved. A limestone base (originally serving perhaps for a stela) was found in its original position in front of the northern facade of the enclosure; similar bases were unearthed in the centres of the remaining three sides of the original enclosure in 2015. Therefore, the tomb might have been used for the burial of its – as yet anonymous – owner. In the close vicinity of the original enclosure, no traces of a small shaft were found that would give access to the burial chamber situated at the bottom of the huge central shaft. Rather surprisingly, however, another shaft (measuring 5.5 m2) came to light close to the southwestern corner of the enclosure. Judging from its position, it might be either another embalmers’ cache or, more probably perhaps, the burial place of a family member (?) of the owner of AW 6.
11
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Nové mýty o starých bozích. Ze stěn pohřební komory kněze Iufay

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Landgráfová R., Míčková D.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2018
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issue 20
57-70
EN
The study focuses on four hitherto unknown mythological texts that accompany the text of the Royal purification ritual on the northern wall of the burial chamber of the shaft tomb of Iufaa at Abusir. These include a text describing the appearance and functions of the Hayshesh sea serpents, a cosmogony involving the uroboros, a myth of the glorifier of the Nun and an aetiological myth of the origin of divine awe. These texts further illustrate the nature of the sacred “library” that Iufaa accumulated in his tomb and elucidate the meaning of the originally royal purification ritual that adorns the northern and part of the eastern wall of Iufaa’s burial chamber.
12
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Slova v čase a prostoru: Z Textů rakví z Iufaovy hrobky v Abúsíru

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Míčková D.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
75-81
EN
The present study deals with textual tradition and transmission in the Late Period, focusing on selected spells from the Coffin Texts from the shaft tomb of the priest Iufaa at Abusir. Changes in the orthography, palaeography, grammar and content of the texts between the Middle Kingdom (or sometimes even the Old Kingdom) and the Late Period indicate that the priests and scribes of the Late Period, who read and copied these texts, understood them and were able to modify the parts that were unintelligible to them or no longer in keeping with their world view and change them e.g. to comply with contemporary religious concepts. This does not, however, mean that the Late Period copyists were immune to misinterpretation and error. Since many spells found in Iufaa's tomb are not preserved elsewhere in the Late Period and sometimes exist in highly fragmentary versions from the Middle Kingdom, analyses of Iufaa's versions of these texts significantly contribute to the existing translations and interpretations of some Coffin Texts spells.
13
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Tell el-Retaba 2012: the pottery

58%
Wodzińska A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
164-172
EN
Archaeological remains excavated by the Polish–Slovak Archaeological Mission in Tell el-Retaba can be well dated to the New Kingdom till the Late Period. During the 2012 season domestic layers from the Hyksos period were found, indicating that the site was occupied for the first time around the end of the Thirteenth and beginning of the Fifteenth Dynasties. Next to the houses three Hyksos graves were found. Archaeological work also revealed houses from the early Eighteenth Dynasty located just above the Hyksos structures in Area 7. Very interesting material came from the late Twentieth Dynasty and Third Intermediate Period houses excavated in Area 9. Rich pottery assemblages mostly of domestic character have been recovered from all of the structures.
14
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Prokletí starých Egypťanů? Magický text na ochranu proti zlodějům ze šachtových hrobek v Abúsíru

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Landgráfová R., Míčková D.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2019
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issue 22
54-67
EN
The study contains a translation and analysis of a hitherto unknown protective spell from the sarcophagus lid in the shaft tomb of Menekhibnekau, which has a single known parallel as yet, located on the eastern exterior wall of the outer sarcophagus of Iufaa, with three columns extending onto the southern wall. The major part of the spell places the deceased under the protection of the goddess Isis, but the powerful seven “knots” or “utterances” of the creatrix goddess are invoked as well. The final part of the spell contains a short curse aimed at potential tomb robbers, which is rather unusual in terms of both its placement and time of use: such texts were much more usual in far earlier times of Egyptian history.
CS
Studie obsahuje překlad a analýzu ochranného kouzla z víka sarkofágu v šachtové hrobce generála Menechibnekona. Jeho jediná dochovaná paralela se nachází na východní stěně vnějšího sarkofágu kněze Iufay, tři sloupce „přetékají“ na stěnu jižní. Hlavní část textu umísťuje zesnulého pod ochranu bohyně Esety, ale je zde vzýváno i sedm mocných „uzlů“ či „výroků“ stvořitelské bohyně. Text zakončuje krátká kletba namířená proti potenciálním vykradačům hrobek. Tato kletba je neobvyklá jak svým umístěním, tak obdobím, v němž byla zaznamenána, neboť s podobnými kletbami se obvykle setkáváme v mnohem dřívějších dobách egyptských dějin.
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Hadí encyklopedie egyptského kouzelníka: z textů v pohřební komoře kněze Iufay v Abúsíru

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Landgráfová R., Janák J.
Pražské egyptologické studie (Prague Egyptological Studies)
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2016
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issue 16
65-74
EN
The burial chamber decoration of the shaft tomb of Iufaa at Abu sir (dated to the turn of the 261hf271h Dynasties) is exceptional with regards to both its extent and the featured topics. All walls of the chamber as well as the outer and inner sarcophagi are covered by excerpts from the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead and other ritual or liturgical texts. Some of the spells and their illustrations have not been identified yet, others are exceptional or rare (e.g. the image of the Uroboros, or the god Tutu). The westem wall and a part of the northern wall of the burial chamber contain a number of representations of snakes and snake-like creatures as well as texts pertaining to them. According to the texts, these snakes represent divine or demonic beings of the deepest levels of the underworld, and of the beginning of time. In this paper, we present the western wall of the burial chamber of the tomb of Iufaa with six identified serpentine beings and Tutu and Mehen on the opposite, eastern wall with an interpretation of this unique textual corpus which connects underworld phenomena with the terrestrial cult and emphasizes the aspect of secret knowledge.
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