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1
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Physical Education and School Sport in Liechtenstein

100%
Kühnis J., Wachter B.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2012
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vol. 1
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issue 1
23-29
XX
Sport carries great significance in Liechtenstein and is considered to be an important social and leisure time activity. From the 35’000 residents over a third is engaged in sports clubs. In the context of the lifestyle of the upcoming generation, physical education (PE) at school is of a particular biographical significance in addition to the sports clubs. In the environment of mandatory PE classes the children and youths accumulate not only multi-faceted physical, exercise and social experience; they are at the same time obliged to participate in a minimum amount of weekly physical activities. These aspects are taking on increasing significance in the light of the current development trends in the physical and health status of adolescents (e.g. increasingly poor posture, motoric deficiencies, overweight). School sports projects are consequently promoted generously by the country. With this background, the present contribution presents an insight into the current status of PE and school sports in Liechtenstein and some current projects are presented.
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Liechtenstein jako gasnący raj podatkowy

85%
Gostomski E., Michałowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2015
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vol. 18
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issue 2(67)
117-125
PL
Liechtenstein należy do najmniejszych i jednocześnie najbogatszych pod względem wielkości produktu krajowego brutto per capita państw świata. W okresie ostatniego ćwierćwiecza Liechtenstein przekształcił się w ważne międzynarodowe centrum finansowe i ze względu na niskie podatki, liberalną politykę w zakresie pozyskiwania depozytów, a przede wszystkim dzięki rygorystycznemu przestrzeganiu tajemnicy bankowej przez tamtejsze instytucje kredytowe stał się atrakcyjnym rajem podatkowym dla korporacji zagranicznych i zamożnych osób prywatnych z całego świata. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie, w jakim stopniu Liechtenstein stanowił raj podatkowy, jak on funkcjonował i jaki wpływ na jego dalsze losy będą miały nowe przepisy podatkowe i rozwiązania w zakresie tajemnicy bankowej.
EN
Liechtenstein is one of the world’s smallest and also the richest countries in terms of gross domestic product per capita. During the last quarter of a century Liechtenstein has transformed into a major international financial centre, and due to the low taxes, liberal policy regarding deposits and, above all, the rigorous observance of banking secrecy by the local credit institutions it has become an attractive tax haven for foreign corporations and wealthy individuals from all around the world. The purposes of this article are to examine the extent to which Liechtenstein was a tax haven, and answer the questions how it functioned and what impact the new tax laws and solutions for banking secrecy will exert on this country.
3
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JĘZYKOWO-KULTUROWE WYKŁADNIKI IDENTYFIKUJĄCE „ZWYKŁYCH LUDZI” W INSKRYPCJACH NAGROBNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE LIECHTENSTEINU

85%
Hajduk J.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
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2015
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vol. 58
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issue 3
41-55
EN
This paper deals with the linguistic forms which identify dead people in gravestone inscriptions. The lexicographic analysis of the notion of “ordinariness” in Polish and German presented in the first part of the article has shown that the opposition “ordinary-extraordinary” may be used in media and advertising, which frequently ascribe the idea of “extraordinariness” to ordinary language users. The corpus which has been created on the basis of gravestone inscriptions found in Lichtenstein cemeteries allows to conclude that a dead person is treated as an individual described by his or her name, surname, the profession he or she was involved in and social functions he or she performed. These aspects are expressed not only by written language signs, but also in the graphical form (including photographs).
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są formy identyfikujące zmarłych w inskrypcjach nagrobnych. Przedstawiona w pierwszej części analiza słownikowa pojęcia zwykłości w polszczyźnie i niemczyźnie pokazała możliwości wykorzystania opozycji „zwykły–niezwykły” w mediach i kampaniach reklamowych, które wyrażają się przybliżeniem poziomu niezwykłości do przeciętnego użytkownika języka. Zgromadzony na cmentarzach Liechtensteinu i będący przedmiotem analizy korpus pozwala stwierdzić, że każdorazowo zmarły pozostaje indywidualnością, opisywaną za pomocą imienia, nazwiska, wykonywanego za życia zawodu, pełnionej funkcji społecznej. Są one wyrażane nie tylko za pomocą znaków językowych, ale także graficznych (w tym fotografii).
4
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SAMORZĄD LOKALNY W LIECHTENSTEINIE

80%
KOŹBIAŁ K.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2013
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issue 2(11)
54-70 (17)
EN
Article 1 of the Constitution of Liechtenstein mentioned 2 regions Oberland (Upper Country) and Unterland (Lower Country) and 11 municipalities. They play an important constitutional role in the Principality. The municipalities exercise considerable autonomy, encompasses responsibility such as the election of the municipal organs (the highest organ is the Municipal Assem-bly), organization, the determination of municipal taxes and the granting of citizenship. Financial management and municipal accounts are subject to supervision by the Government
5
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Pozycja ustrojowa głow y państwa w Księstwie Liechtensteinu

80%
Koźbiał K. r.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2021
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issue 3 (61)
277-287
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pozycji ustrojowej głowy państwa w Księstwie Liechtensteinu. Księstwo jest jedną z europejskich monarchii, na tle innych wyróżnia się jednak tym, iż pozycja władcy jest daleko idąca, bynajmniej nie jest ona ograni-czona jedynie do funkcji reprezentacyjnych. Aktywność księcia, odnosząca się do po-lityki wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej, jest zakorzeniona w obowiązującej od 1921 r. kon-stytucji i została przedstawiona w artykule. Pozycja głowy państwa wynika również z uwarunkowań historycznych i społecznych. Jest ona także oparta na rozwiązaniach pozakonstytucyjnych.Książęce prerogatywy są szerokie. Wprawdzie podejmowano próby ich ograniczenia lecz tego rodzaju propozycje zostały odrzucone w referendum. Dodatkowo podczas gło-sowania w 2003 r. uprawnienia władcy zostały jeszcze rozszerzone.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the position of a head of state in the Principality of Liechtenstein. The Principality is one of the European monarchies, but it is distinguished from others by the fact that the position of the prince is far-reaching, by no means lim-ited only to representatives functions. The prince’s activity to internal and external poli-tics is rooted in the constitution in force since 1921 and was presented in the article. The position of the head of state also results from historical and social conditions. It is salso based on non-constitutional solutions.Princerly prerogatives are broad. Although attempts were made to limit them, such proposals were rejected in a referendum. Additionally, during the voting in 2003, the rul-er’s powers were further extended.
6
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN LIECHTENSTEIN

80%
Kühnis J., Wachter B., Frommelt C., Näff P.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 7
27-34
XX
This paper analyses the frequency and extent of physical activity (PA) among school-aged children and adolescents in Liechtenstein by regarding selected socio-demographic factors (gender, age and parents’ sports activity). The cross-sectional study is based on an online survey conducted in 2015 among 11-, 13- and 15-year-old pupils (N = 448). According to our findings, children and adolescents do sports in their leisure time 3 ½ days a week, resulting in 6 hours per week on average; the percentage of pupils who do not participate in any sport is less than 5 % in total. Despite high sport participation, only a quarter achieved the WHO recommendation of at least 60 min of moderate-tovigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day. However, a significant decrease in physical and sport activities together with increasing resignation from sport clubs is shown in secondary schools. As a result of this inadequacy, at the end of the compulsory school period, adolescents should be considered as one of the important target groups for health promotion programs. In addition, the relation discovered between the activity level of adolescents and the sport status of their parents emphasizes the high relevance of parents for their childrens’ PA socialisation.
7
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System partyjny Księstwa Liechtensteinu

80%
Kozbial K.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2011
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issue 1(15)
365-392
EN
This article elaborates on the party system in Liechtenstein, from its inception to contemporary -day politics. In analyzing the development of political parties in this country and taking into account the current classifications, the author comes to the conclusion that the system should be classified as a two- -and -a -half -party one. The article focuses on the continuity of the system as well as its characteristics: the dominance of two parties; a high electoral threshold for political parties, making it difficult for smaller parties to enter into the parliament; and a system of shared governance of the two dominant parties. These characteristics are the result of, among other things, the voting tendencies of the citizens of Liechtenstein, who are unwilling to change their voting preferences.
8
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ZRÓŻNICOWANIE NIEMIECKIEJ TERMINOLOGII PRAWNICZEJ W DOKUMENTACH PRAWNYCH LIECHTENSTEINU

70%
KAKZANOVA E.
Comparative Legilinguistics
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2016
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vol. 26
31-45
RU
The article deals with the legal language variability in the contract of delegation drawn up in German in Liechtenstein. Time and again the author of the article came across discrepancies in terminology in German-language documents of Germany and other German-speaking countries. As the law in Germany and Liechtenstein developed relatively separately, the changes happening therein resulted in variability of both separate terms, and term systems. The legal system of Germany has been created under the influence of the Roman law among the German tribes and has been developing up till now. The legal system of Liechtenstein was formed under the influence of the Austrian and Swiss law. While the distinctions between Liechtenstein and Germany language standards are minor, the significant divergences from standard forms in the abovementioned countries can be treated as variants.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zmienności terminologii prawniczej dokumentów sporządzonych w języku niemieckim w Liechtensteinie. Wielokrotnie autorka tekstu spotykała się ze zróżnicowaną terminologią stosowaną w państwach niemieckojęzycznych. Ponieważ prawo Niemiec oraz Lichtensteinu rozwijało się w sposób odmienny doszło do zróżnicowania terminologii prawniczej. System prawny Niemiec wykształcił się pod przemożnym wpływem prawa rzymskiego. Z kolei system prawny Lichtensteinu pozostaje pod wyraźnym wpływem prawa szwajcarskiego i austriackiego. Wprawdzie różnice pomiędzy językiem potocznym w obu krajach są nieznaczne, jednakże odchylenia od standardu na płaszczyźnie języka prawa można traktować jako warianty.
9
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Temporal trends of overweight and obesity among 4–14 year-old children in Liechtenstein. Results of a monitoring project from 2004 to 2018

70%
Kühnis J., Jamnicki-Abegg M.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2020
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vol. 9
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issue 15
12-17
EN
Monitoring data analysis forms a central basis for the assessment of the prevalence and development of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, thus identifying a potential need for action and adopting preventive measures. Based on data of 5‘515 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 14, this article presents a current trend analysis for Liechtenstein for in the period between 2004 and 2018. This study is based on cross-sectional data from health screening examinations supervised by the national Office of Public Health. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from anthropometric measurements and classified with reference to the age and gender-specific cut-off criteria of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Across the examined age groups, 15.6% of all children and adolescents in Liechtenstein are currently considered to be overweight or obese. This is a similiar prevalence as in neighbouring regions and shows a stable development over the 15-year monitoring period.
10
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Evolution of the constitutional position of selected German-speaking countries’ heads of state in the 20th/21st century

70%
Łukaszewski M.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2014
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issue 3
77-93
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba ukazania ewolucji ustrojowej pozycji głowy państwa w latach 1920–2013 w Austrii, Liechtensteinie i Szwajcarii, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem specyfiki tych systemów politycznych (austriackiego federalizmu, silnej pozycji księcia w Liechtensteinie i kolegialnej głowy państwa w Szwajcarii). Artykuł został oparty na analizie komparatystycznej zapisów konstytucyjnych z uwzględnieniem odpowiednich nowelizacji. Ramy czasowe artykułu zostały oparte na okresie 1920–2013 w związku z tym, że początek lat 20. jest związany z powstawaniem konstytucji dwóch z trzech państw stanowiących przedmiot analizy: Austrii (1920) i Liechtensteinu (1921), które to akty prawne, pomimo wielu zmian, funkcjonują do dzisiaj. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic w pozycji ustrojowej głowy państwa w 1920 roku i prawie 100 lat później.
EN
This paper is an attempt to show the evolution of the constitutional position of the head of state in the years 1920–2013 in Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, with special reference to the specificity of these systems (Austrian federalism, Liechtenstein’s strong position of the monarch and collegial head of state in the Swiss case). It is based on a comparative analysis of the constitutional provisions of constitutional acts and their corresponding amendments. The timeframe of the paper is based on the period 1920–2013, due to the fact that at the very beginning of the 1920s two of the constitutional acts were created in the countries which are the subject of the paper: Austria (1920) and Liechtenstein (1921), which, despite many changes, exist today. The aim of the paper is to indicate differences in the position of the political head of state in 1920, and almost a century later.
11
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Microstate and monarchy in the face of the challenges of the modern world. The political system of Liechtenstein and its specificity (an outline of the problem)1

70%
Łukaszewski M.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2015
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issue 3
93-102
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba analizy funkcjonowania systemu politycznego mikropaństwa i monarchii w warunkach współczesnych procesów integracyjnych i globalizacyjnych, z którymi mamy do czynienia w Europie. Autor podejmuje próbę zanalizowania funkcjonowania państwa opierając się na wywiadzie z głównym aktorem politycznym Księstwa – księciem Alojzym, który od 2004 roku, na mocy art. 13bis Konstytucji Księstwa, wypełnia obowiązki głowy państwa. Autor stara się też zwrócić uwagę na specyficzne cechy systemu politycznego tego państwa.
EN
The p is an attempt to analyse the functioning of the political system of monarchy and microstate in the conditions of modern processes of integration and globalisation with which we are dealing in Europe. The author attempts to analyse the functioning of the state based on an interview with the main political actor of the Duchy - HSH Alois, who since 2004, under Article 13 bis of the Constitution of the Principality, fulfils the duties of head of state. The author is also tries to draw attention to the specific features of the political system of Liechtenstein.
12
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STABILISING TRENDS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG 5-14-YEAR-OLDS IN LIECHTENSTEIN BETWEEN 2004 AND 2012

61%
Kühnis J., Erne S.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 5
47-52
XX
Background: The worldwide trends in childhood obesity and associated health-related risks are a cause of concern. In view of this alarming tendency continuous monitoring and information on a wide age-range of children is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to observe national trends of childhood overweight (ow) and obesity (ob) among 5-14-year-olds in Liechtenstein over a 9-year period. Methods: The study is based on a series of 5 cross-sectional screening examinations conducted at two-year intervals from 2004 to 2012 and includes data of 3,711 children. Boys and girls are equally represented (50.1 % and 49.9 %). BMI was calculated on standardised measurements and classified by using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs. Results: Using IOTF reference, currently 16.6 % of pre-schoolers and school children in Liechtenstein are overweight (incl. obesity), i.e. approximately every 6th child is affected. Over the studied 9-year period, a non-significant decrease in the combined prevalence (owob) was observed in both boys and girls. Gender specific analysis showed that differences between boys and girls were rather weakly expressed, but seemed to increase during school age with a tendency of more overweight boys in secondary school. Conclusions: This study suggests an apparent levelling off in childhood overweight and obesity in Liechtenstein between 2004 and 2012 and corroborates similar findings from other countries.
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