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Światowe dziedzictwo UNESCO z perspektywy 40 lat

100%
Szmygin B.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2013
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issue 1-4
167-177
PL
Konwencja o ochronie światowego dziedzictwa kultury i natury została uchwalona przez Konferencję Generalną UNESCO podczas 17. sesji w Paryżu w październiku 1972 r. Obchodzona w 2012 r. 40. rocznica uchwalenia Konwencji była podstawą do podsumowania jej dorobku, dokonania analizy sytuacji oraz dyskusji o przyszłości ruchu światowego dziedzictwa. Polska od początku aktywnie uczestniczy w tym ruchu, będąc w grupie krajów, które jako pierwsze ratyfikowały Konwencję i które jako pierwsze nominowały obiekty na Listę UNESCO. Wyrazem uznania dla tej aktywności było wybranie w listopadzie 2013 r. Polski do grona 21 krajów, które tworzą Komitet Światowego Dziedzictwa. Znaczenie światowego dziedzictwa jako najbardziej udanego międzynarodowego przedsięwzięcia w zakresie ochrony dziedzictwa oraz nowa pozycja naszego kraju w tym ruchu są ważnym powodem, by dokonać całościowej oceny sytuacji. W artykule przedstawiono dwa zagadnienia, które charakteryzują obecną sytuację Listy światowego dziedzictwa. W części pierwszej zawarte zostało generalne podsumowanie dorobku Listy. Został on przedstawiony w postaci ośmiu aspektów, które składają się na dokonania Listy postrzegane z perspektywy minionych 40 lat. W części drugiej podjęto próbę charakterystyki głównych problemów i wyzwań stojących przed światowym dziedzictwem. Problemy te zostały ujęte w postaci czterech głównych zagadnień. Polski udział i problemy związane z funkcjonowaniem Listy UNESCO zostaną przedstawione w odrębnym artykule, który ukaże się w „Ochronie Zabytków” w 2014 r.
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O pomnikach historii dyskusji ciąg dalszy : w obronie "zabytku prawa"

80%
Konopka M.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2000
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issue 2
191-193
EN
A response to the polemical text by J. Pruszyński. In Pomniki historii, nie wykorzystana szansa (The Monuments o f History, an Unexploited Chance, “Ochrona Zabytkow” 1999, no. 4) M. Konopka recalled the decree issued by the President of the Republic of Poland, establishing regions of special value, known as monuments of history. In his polemic, J. Pruszyński proclaims that the idea of monuments of history is legally unjustified since it reintroduces the harmful element of a classification of historical monuments in a situation when all are of equal rank. In the opinion of the polemist it is much more important for the Minister of Culture and National Heritage to obtain tax reductions for owners of monuments and greater funds for conservation. M. Konopka claims that monuments of history are a form of a choice which, in view of the absence of adequate means, is applied anyhow by the register of monuments and in different treatments o f assorted types of monuments according to their material and manner of execution. The Presidential decree should be implemented by means of an executive ruling issued by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, which has never been presented. The debate thus pertains to the question whether to leave the moribund entry about monuments or to embark upon an attempt at discovering a form of their special treatment, mentioned in the Ministerls ruling.
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„The invincible city. Society in cultural heritage recovery” – międzynarodowe webinarium w hołdzie warszawskiej Starówce

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Elas M.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2020
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issue 2
223-227
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Szanowni Państwo, drodzy Czytelnicy, Autorzy i Recenzenci „Ochrony Zabytków”!

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Serafinowicz J.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2014
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issue 1
3-5
EN
We present to you another fascicle of jointly created periodical (in the current six-monthly form) – a collective work, which can be, without exaggeration, described as: joint effort. If I were to title it separately, the title would be: Between tangible and intangible heritage – the idea of comprehensive protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage. It sounds elevated, maybe even pompous, however – as we know well – in the global perspective, there are diverse situations, a current example might be the devastated Aleppo, which is, after all, not the only site of crime against cultural heritage. The threads of intangible heritage, in this volume, both from the perspective of up-to-date UNESCO documents and conventions, and from the perspective of “archaeology of notions” and research on intangible heritage of the Polish rural areas, as well as the narratives of collective memory, constitute the first part of the volume. The second part, on the other hand, for a kind of a counterweight, is devoted only to tangible heritage, focusing on the issues of wooden architecture, and strictly speaking, on wooden sacral construction, on both sides of the Polish-Ukrainian border in which we see a tremendous potential for further common research and academic cooperation. The second part of the volume is concluded by an interesting article devoted to framework architecture of Uhlans’ barracks in Toruń. In the third, final part, we present articles of diverse subject matter, a considerable substantive significance, discussing, among others, Polish successes related to entries on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List to which the National Heritage Board of Poland contributed greatly, but also presenting hazards concerning possible further entries, which should not be forgotten, just like we should not forget about people of exceptional merits, whose profiles we recall. Let us return, however, to our reality and our questions about intangible heritage. What is it for an ordinary inhabitant of the country between the Odra River and the Bug River, how does our ordinary compatriot understand them and does he or she have keys to it, or has someone hidden it, to use a euphemism..? It seems there is a long march ahead of us. If today someone asked me about what I believe to be the most important throughout our entire spectrum of the intangible heritage, I would certainly reply: my homeland and my faith. And if I was asked what I would most gladly enter to the intangible heritage list, I would say: all Polish “żurawiejka” poems, even though they might be obscene, including my favourite, which I would not dare to quote. Not so long ago, on the occasion of a full, six-hundredth anniversary of concluding the Horodło Union, Kazimierz Wóycicki from the Eastern Europe Study Centre of the Warsaw University wrote: „We live in the 21st century, and we still think in categories of the 19th century. This happens because great narrations determining the sense of modern nations were created exactly in the 19th century, when the most important thing was defending identity against external impacts. Historiography of remembrance, dealing with social representations of the past, enables gaining a distance to those tales shaped in the 19th century, through a dialogue of narratives” and, at the same time, enables expansion of the methodological scope of research on phenomena related to intangible heritage. Dear Sirs and Madams, to conclude, I would like to give my regards to the entire editorial team, who for a few recent years, working with devotion, perfection and energy, have done truly a lot in the Kraków office – it can be said without a shade of exaggeration that they re-formatted and modernized the way of thinking about our periodical. I would like to thank wholeheartedly, not only on my own behalf, the editor Ms. Olga Dyba, the editorial secretary – Mr. Andrzej Siwek and the editor Mr. Tomasz Woźniak. Dear friends – you are real professionals, and a hard act to follow... Yours respectfully Jacek Serafinowicz Editor-in-Chief
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Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: manierystyczny zespół architektoniczno-krajobrazowy oraz park pielgrzymkowy (1999)

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FURMANIK B.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2017
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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.
113-118
EN
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park, is a cultural landscape located south of Kraków, which dates back to the first half of the 17th century. It is notable among European Calvaries for its distinctive architectural features, for the skilful amalgamation of religious devotion and nature, and for the uninterrupted tradition of the mysteries enacted here. The sacral complex, embedded in the surrounding landscape, consists of: a basilica with a monastery, a number of churches, chapels, and other architectural structures, all connected by alleys, that had been built in successive stages from the 17th until the beginning of the 20th century. Criteria: (ii), (iv) The landscape and people of the pilgrimage park in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Nowadays, visitors coming to the Pilgrimage Park in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska can feel they have moved in time and space to a place where nature intermingles with art — the architecture of the Bernardine monastery and of the churches and chapels standing along the paths to Calvary merges with the picturesque landscape of hills covered with forests, fields, and meadows. Historians, art historians, biographers of the Zebrzydowski family, and other researchers of this place have for centuries focused on its history and transformations, and the richness of the works of art that can be found in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, not only architectural art, but also decorative art and the interior furnishing of the Calvary buildings. Speaking of the Pilgrimage Park in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, it is also necessary to look at the landscape which provides a magnificent setting for the complex of churches and chapels, that tries to imitate the layout of Jerusalem, and to the people who have shaped this landscape for centuries, appearing in it for a brief moment during their visits or having lived there for their entire lives. The history of the Calvary complex in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska goes back to the late 16th and early 17th century, when Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, inspired by stories of people who went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem at that time, but also, as legend recounts, affected by a dream in which he saw a cross on the top of Żar Mountain looking out from his castle on Lanckorońska Mountain, decided to build a chapel there, modelled on the Golgotha chapel in Jerusalem and dedicated to the Holy Cross. He also built a monastery, which he handed over to the Order of Friars Minor — the Bernardines. An idea also emerged to enrich the local landscape with elements based on the topography of the Holy Land (such as Golgotha, the Mount of Olives, Zion, Mount Moriah, and the Kidron River) and build a Calvary with the Stations of the Cross, the Via Dolorosa, and later also the Path of the Mother of God. This unique coalescence of sacrum with nature in the form of a Calvary complex, also referred to as “Zebrzydowska Jerozolima” [Zebrzydowska Jerusalem], was the first complex of this type in Poland and provided the inspiration for many imitators. A monastery building and a number of churches and chapels of high artistic value, designed by Paweł Baudartha, were erected over a dozen years. The work of Mikołaj Zebrzydowski was continued over the following centuries by expanding the extent of the Calvary, building new chapels, enriching the artistic decoration of the interiors and the architectural programme, and, from the early 20th century, by focusing mainly on renovation and conservation works in order to maintain the place in good condition. However, it is necessary to point out that the complex in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska is not merely a cluster of over forty churches and chapels situated along paths. It is a well-thought-out and carefully designed composition of a vast landscape park. The Calvary paths, leading to the series of buildings, were determined as cuttings through woodlands or in the form of multi-row avenues in an open landscape. The uneven topography of this area enabled the creation of views linking particular elements of the Pilgrimage Park and with the surrounding landscape. The Bernardine monastery and the Church of Saint Mary of the Angels, situated prominently on a slope of Żarek Mountain, are the dominant features of the surrounding area. Visible to pilgrims from afar, they invite and at the same time inspire awe. Equally important in the perception of the complex in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, alongside its history and composition, is the role of people in it. It was man who created this place for himself and new generations to come. Pilgrims have travelled to Kalwaria Zebrzydowska since the moment it was established in the early 17th century in order to worship God. They worshipped Him during the Passion Play organised in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska during Holy Week, adoring the painting of Our Lady of Kalwaria who is regarded as having miraculous properties, celebrating the August indulgence ceremonies of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or by individual prayer. This tradition has been maintained continuously for centuries up to this day and the Holy Week and Marian processions are some of the finest religious ceremonies in Poland. The people of the Calvary are also the people who have lived here for many centuries, both the Bernardines and men from the nearby towns and villages. In today’s world of rapid change and the pressure of civilisation, a number of questions arise. Does love for this place and respect for its sacrum still exist and are they capable of defending it against change? Does the way up Golgotha still require a contemporary pilgrim to make an effort and share his suffering with Christ carrying his cross, or is it a recreational walk? The areas surrounding the Calvary complex are changing and so are the needs of both the local people and pilgrims. The pride of the local community, arising from the fact that they live in a place that is so important, can be set against the difficulties involved in the regular religious ceremonies, which attract hundreds of thousands of people. Their desire for a comfortable and modern life clashes with restrictions imposed by the monument inspectors who wish to protect this valuable historic site. The expectations of the contemporary pilgrim necessitate modifying the transport, accommodation, and service infrastructures to ensure safety along the avenues going to Calvary. Despite all this – despite the passage of time, despite the wars that have taken place, and the changing lifestyles – for five centuries the Pilgrimage Park in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska has striven to remain unchanged and to resist the signs of modern times. This was confirmed by the description in the entry of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park on the UNESCO World Heritage List. This refers to the site as unique on a worldwide scale, as an exceptional union of sacrum with nature, and an example of a large-scale landscape complex that combines natural beauty and landscape design with the spiritual values of Calvary, mystery plays and the principles of Baroque art, which found their expression in a complex of churches and chapels embedded in the landscape. It is hoped that the Calvary created by man for others as a place to worship of God, who became Man, a place that still attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the world, will continue unchanged as it lasts and serves future generations.
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Dziesięć lat Drewnianych Kościołów Południowej Małopolski na Liście światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO

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Fortuna-Marek A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2014
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issue 2
139-153
EN
Ten years, which passed since the Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska have been inscribed into the UNESCO World Heritage List, pose a great opportunity to present the activities and successes in the area of preservation and widely understood protection of these unique sites. The main purpose behind the UNESCO List is ensuring relevant protection to the most valuable cultural goods to preserve them in possibly unchanged form for the future generations. Therefore, the issue, whether current guardianship and protection of the Małopolska churches are sufficient for maintaining their unique and universal value, authenticity and integrity, is worth discussing. The Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska are a serial inscription covering six Gothic churches built using the horizontal log technique and located in the following localities: Blizne, Binarowa, Dębno Podhalańskie, Haczów, Lipnica Murowana and Sękowa. The churches have been subject to numerous important conservation and renovation works throughout the last ten years. Their scope varied depending on the church, its needs and requirements. Apart from the conservation and renovation works necessary to preserve the sites of world heritage in due manner, the actions aiming at delivery of the tasks under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention have been taken. To ensure possibly highest protection standards of the UNESCO List sites in Poland, including wooden churches of Małopolska, the actions targeted on their monitoring and assessment of preservation, scientific research and works aiming at proper site management have been performed. These works were carried out for the most under the statutory tasks of the National Heritage Board of Poland. Two separate Polish and Norwegian projects aiming at improving the system of world heritage protection in Poland and Norway and working-out better and more effective methods for managing the sites inscribed into the UNESCO List were delivered within the scientific works. Research performed under both these projects covered also the wooden churches of southern Małopolska.
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Szansa, której nie zaprzepaściliśmy

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AUGUSTYN A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2017
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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.
172-176
EN
You are being handed a golden key and it is up to you how you use it — this is what the hosts of the Church of Peace in Świdnica heard in 2001, when the building was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Fifteen years after it was inscribed on the list, they admit that the key has turned out to be valuable indeed: it translates into extra points when renovation applications are submitted and into excellent promotion. The church has become more recognisable and more admired: it generates the largest amount of tourist traffic in the town (80 thousand people a year) and is being visited by more and more people every year; it was named the Tourism Product of the Year 2016 at the Tourism Congress, and National Geographic has listed it as one of the new seven wonders of Poland. This means increased tourism earnings and thus provides a greater potential for collecting their own funds for future projects. It enhances the image of the church, but not only of the church. – Doubtless, as a building entered onto the UNESCO World Heritage List, the Church of Peace attracts large numbers of tourists from all over the world, from Japan to the United States. Our town has benefited from having a historic monument of this rank; it has become an important place on the cultural map of Europe – admits Beata Moskal-Słaniewska, Mayor of Świdnica. The inscription enhances the site’s prestige and causes the Church of Peace to be more and more frequently associated with major events, such as the visit of the Swedish royal couple — King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia, the joint prayer of German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former Prime Minister of Poland Ewa Kopacz, and a meeting of representatives of four religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhism (Dalai Lama XIV). The word “UNESCO” is more and more noticeable at Pokoju Square. The UNESCO Promotion and Partnership Centre was established in the former bell-ringer’s house, and in 2010 the church hosts prepared a Lower Silesian UNESCO Trail: they visited a number of towns and cities listed by UNESCO — Toruń, Zamość, Kraków, and Wieliczka — presenting Lower Silesian monuments there. – The UNESCO brand is unassailable; without it, we would not be invited to participate in many important projects. We would not be where we are now – believes Rev. Waldemar Pytel, the parish-priest of the Church of Peace in Świdnica and bishop of the Wrocław Diocese of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland. – As its administrators, we shoulder a greater responsibility due to the fact that the site was inscribed on such a prominent list. We realise that this is also a commitment to future generations, and that we not only need to preserve the Church of Peace, but also the whole enclosure that surrounds it. What makes this task even more difficult is that according to conservators and restorers, the site requires urgent restoration works” he adds. A testimony to this responsibility is provided by the works carried out on the church and its surroundings (Square of Peace): we managed to save the altar, the pulpit, a large organ with a Baroque casing, part of the cemetery, the rectory, the bell tower, the bell-ringer’s house, and the watchman’s house. Some of these 300-year-old buildings were given completely new functions: the bell tower is going to be converted into a gallery and the rectory is going to house a Lower Silesian Evangelical Institute with invaluable Bible and old print collections, which are now being digitised and will be made widely available. Dr Maciej Małachowicz, an architect and one of the co-developers of the design of the renovation, emphasises that the wattleand- daub buildings associated with the church are the only complex of this type in Poland and one of the few in Europe. Throughout its history, which goes back to the 17th century, it has never undergone renovation on such a scale as that carried out in recent years. – I am impressed by the scale of the works and by how the church has been promoted and how recognisable it has become – says Maciej Bator, cantor of the Church of Peace, who is also associated with the Artistic Summer event, i.e. film, ceramic, and theatre workshops and the annual Bach Festival. Bach was not a random choice: in the 18th century, the church’s cantor was Christoph Gottlob Wecker, Bach’s student. In his letter of recommendation, the master stated that Wecker participated in cantata performances in Leipzig and that he greatly appreciated his participation. The manager of the festival, Jan Tomasz Adamus, says that pieces of Bach’s music and the music of later Leipzig cantors were regularly performed in the Church of Peace throughout the whole of the 19th century. The high level of musical culture is an element of the identity of this place. Due to its unique acoustics and atmosphere, it has been a special source of inspiration for artists for nearly four centuries, a place attracting philosophers, historians, aesthetes, and sensitive persons. Aficionados of Johann Sebastian Bach’s music come to Świdnica from all over the world, finding the local cultural context extraordinarily favourable to Enlightenment music, and the world of opera considers the interior of the Church of Peace in Świdnica to be the most beautiful theatre in this part of Europe. All the changes that take place here are immediately noticed by the parishioners. Asked about their first associations when they hear “the Church of Peace”, they answer with one accord: “my place”. They form a small community, with only 150 members; to them, the church is not only the sacred, but also a space, which unites them. They meet at services and at Bible study sessions held each Thursday, while their children come here for RE classes and Sunday school classes. – We are like one family, we all know one another’s first and last names – says Ewa Gajdzińska, a parishioner. A sense of pride, integration, identity – these are words that frequently appear in conversations. – We are a small parish, yet we take care of a worldclass historic monument – emphasises Stanisław Zabielski, one of the parishioners. – When I brought my Italian friends from Milan here, they were astonished that a small town like Świdnica boasts a building of this class and beauty – says Władysław Heinrich, member of the parish community. – The church surprises us because as opposed to other Evangelical churches, it has an unusually rich interior that contrasts with the austere front façade. This “surprise effect” makes a strong impression on everyone. However, its genius loci do not rely exclusively on its architecture. The atmosphere of this place combines the past and the present. It is people who create it. Along with the parish-priest there is also our small community and the history behind us: the great determination of our predecessors, 17th-century Lutherans, who were able to complete the construction of their church in less than a year using non-durable materials in adverse conditions – believes Paweł Żak, one of the parishioners. That strength of faith and of their religious community provided, alongside pioneering architectural solutions, the factors which were decisive for the inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List: “The astonishing uniqueness of the Churches of Peace also lies in the fact that, despite the widespread scepticism towards the durability and solidity of the buildings, they have survived to this day. [They] bear exceptional witness to a particular political development in Europe in the 17th century of great spiritual power and commitment”. – The value of our church lies in its exceptional continuity – claims Annemarie Franke, a parishioner and a historian. – After the war, many Evangelical churches fell into ruin or were taken over by Catholics. Little has remained of the religious and cultural wealth of the Silesian Evangelicals. However, services in the Church of Peace have been held continually since 1657, and the local archives are a priceless collection. This is something truly exceptional. Wiesław Łabęcki, a historian who only moved to Świdnica several months ago and who is a member of the parish, emphasises that this is a real-life history lesson and important cultural heritage. The heritage is embedded in a special historical and social context. After World War II, a nearly unique situation developed in Lower Silesia since the population was nearly completely replaced. The new inhabitants came from various places, bringing their own traditions, beliefs and religions with them. Such encounters were not always easy. Evangelicals were in a minority and they were equated with the Germans. Many of them did not openly admit they were Evangelicals for fear of antipathy on the part of the local environment. Their heritage was associated with the German legacy, which was perceived as strange and for many years associated with the horrors of war. – When I was appointed to serve in this parish 30 years ago, the most difficult challenge for me was to change the consciousness of the parishioners and residents of Świdnica. I wanted to show that although we are only a minority in this parish, we do not confine ourselves to our own community, that we are hospitable and that we have a magnificent church that is open to everyone – says Bishop Waldemar Pytel. – The odium towards “Germanness” haunted Evangelicals and the Church of Peace for a long time – admits Stanisław Zabielski, who has lived in Świdnica for 60 years. He remembers the gloomy, empty church, the plundered cemetery, and the over-300- -year-old buildings around Pokoju Square, which were falling into ruin. Not many inhabitants of Świdnica visited this area; it seemed strange to them. – The new hosts, Rev. Waldemar Pytel and his wife Bożena, brought this place to life – Zabielski adds. – They organised meetings for adults and for children, they held discussions. Year by year, the church was becoming more and more open to the locals and to tourists. It is this change of approach, as well as the renovation works and the prestige of this place, that seem to be of particular importance here. The inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List and the intensive activities of the church’s hosts turned something that used to be “post-German”, abandoned, into something that is “ours” and valuable. What used to divide now unites and is a source of pride for Świdnica’s inhabitants, regardless of their religious beliefs. – We are no longer a church of a small community, but a place which is more and more prominently present in social consciousness. The inscription on the World Heritage List was a chance that we did not squander and that we still use – say the parishioners.
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Ochrona światowego dziedzictwa w Polsce

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PIOTROWSKA K.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2017
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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.
55-66
EN
The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in November 1972 was ratified by Poland in 1976. At the time when it was being formulated and in the preceding years, Poland had been an active member of UNESCO, committed to the instruments of international law created by the Organisation. Poland’s international activity and commitment to the protection of heritage ensued from the long-lasting experience of the Polish people in struggling for the preservation of their national identity, as well as their awareness of the importance of cultural and natural heritage for the future of their own country and the world. This is proven by early accession of Poland to the World Heritage Convention, which highlights the importance of heritage of outstanding value and the shared responsibility of all nations to preserve it. It is also demonstrated by Poland’s membership of the World Heritage Committee in 1977-1978, when the elite group was working on the criteria for selecting sites to be included in the World Heritage List and on the first Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, which laid down the foundations for the present-day World Heritage system. Signing an international agreement entails assuming domestic and international obligations. Poland’s accession to the World Heritage Convention also created such commitments, including the key aim of identifying sites of “outstanding universal value” and providing them with adequate protection, so that they would serve future generations with a full set of their values. Most of the activities in recent years have been focused on improving heritage protection in Poland, benefiting from all the guidelines developed internationally for World Heritage protection, conservation, presentation and management. The experience gained in protecting World Heritage sites on a day-to-day basis, as well as the organisational structures built so far, help Poland fulfil its mandate on the World Heritage Committee with a sense of common responsibility for World Heritage, a mandate which was entrusted to our country for the second time in 2013. Our World Heritage List In the four decades since Poland’s accession to the Convention, out of the nineteen candidatures proposed, fourteen properties representing the breadth of heritage in Poland have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Five of them were nominated in 1978. The Historic Center of Kraków and the Wieliczka Salt Mine [present name: Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines] were added in 1978, among the first twelve places in the history of the World Heritage List. In subsequent years, the other three: Białowieża National Park [present name: Białowieża Forest], the Auschwitz concentration camp [present name: Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi concentration and extermination camp (1940-1945)] and the Historic Center of Warsaw were inscribed. The activity and commitment of Poland on the forum of World Heritage had been interrupted by the political and economic situation of the country. Following the Old City of Zamość in 1992, another three sites were added to the List in the late 1990s: Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (1997), Medieval Town of Torun (1997) and Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park (1999). In recent years, further candidates successively entered the List: Churches of Peace in Świdnica and Jawor (2001), Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska (2003), Muskauer / Mużakowski Park (2004), and Centennial Hall in Wrocław (2006). The most recent site on the List is a property added in 2013 – Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine. The decisions regarding nominations on the World Heritage List made in successive years have been based on both professional analysis of the resource and assessment of the state of preservation of the individual sites, as well as on knowledge of prevailing trends. Preparing a nomination for the List has always required to present an adequate justification and make extensive efforts, including diplomatic steps, to secure entry on the List. For cultural sites, a crucial role has also been played by the long-lasting activity of Polish representatives at ICOMOS, the advisory body to the World Heritage Committee, and the very strong international presence of Polish experts. Thanks to this, the successive inscriptions of sites on the World Heritage List can be easily linked to individual persons who enjoyed high esteem in the community of experts dealing with the protection of heritage, notably Professors Krzysztof Pawłowski and Andrzej Tomaszewski. In time, the approach to site nomination has changed. At present, it takes the form of bottom-up initiatives, which, at each stage of the work, engage people who are directly responsible for the protection and management of a given property. The nomination dossier and management plan for a potential World Heritage site, which is a mandatory document required at application stage, is prepared with the participation of the owners and users, all the heritage protection services, local government and representatives of the local community. The process involves both people who have the required expertise, and novices in the field of heritage protection, with the process itself being an important educational tool helping to promote protection of heritage and developing the social skills of its participants. Professor Stanisław Lorentz, long-time director of the National Museum in Warsaw, who dedicated his life to the reconstruction of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, believed that if you need to protect something, you must involve ordinary people who do it out of love. The current approach to nominations proves its rationale. When looking at the World Heritage List, it is evident that many of the proposals submitted by Poland, in particular those dating back to 1978, were breaking new ground and reorienting the way of thinking about heritage and the needs linked to its protection. Thus they were an important voice in the debate about the character of the World Heritage List, and the direction it should follow. Furthermore, they were an early indication of the crucial role the World Heritage List plays in shaping the approach to heritage protection. One idea put forward by Poland was to ensure the protection of urban ensembles, which was treated somewhat marginally during the early stage of the List, and was limited to selected buildings or their settings. Poland’s approach is illustrated by the proposal to list Kraków, including its historic town centre and later additions. Earlier, Poland had participated in developing UNESCO recommendations on historic urban ensembles, adopted in 1976. The broad, contextual approach to heritage protection was then taken further in the UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape adopted by the General Conference in 2011. A moment of reflection on the implementation of the Convention The initiative to join the World Heritage Convention was proposed in 1976 by the Polish Ministry of Culture, which has since played a leading role in the implementation of its provisions at state level. Historically, the principle has been established whereby matters related to World Heritage fall within the remit of the General Inspector of Monuments. The protection of World Heritage properties involves preserving all aspects of their “outstanding universal value”, as defined at the time of listing. It is a complex task which requires the collaboration of many individuals and institutions at central and local levels, as well as a strategic, consistent approach. Polish legislation does not envisage special treatment for World Heritage properties. However, the fact that they are identified under the ratified international agreement, which, according to the Polish Constitution, is a source of universally binding law, requires the “outstanding universal value” of those properties to be safeguarded both by central government, local government at all levels, specialised institutions, as well as government agencies, non-governmental organisations and citizens. Naturally, this requires creating a cooperation platform. The beginning of periodic reporting, and the preparation of the first report on its realisation in 2003- 2005, was a major development – if not a turning point – in the history of the implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Poland. The report concerned both the general policy of the state in the field of heritage protection and the condition of individual World Heritage sites. The process of collecting and analysing information, as well as the preparation of the report itself, including the related discussion, allowed a number of deficiencies to be highlighted. One striking conclusion concerned was the general lack of knowledge about World Heritage. One of the major difficulties noticed was the absence of appropriate systemic solutions which would allow one to define the principles of cooperation and ensure the proper protection of World Heritage sites in accordance with the relevant requirements. At the same time, attention was drawn to the Convention as an instrument of international law and to its potential as a tool supporting the preservation of heritage at national level. The preparation of the report, in combination with the monitoring conducted by the World Heritage Committee, initiated a series of activities and projects which, in a natural manner, significantly improved knowledge and perception of the World Heritage Convention in Poland, and had an influence on present- day rules and the methods of its implementation. In 2004, the League of Polish UNESCO Towns and Sites was set up, bringing together representatives of World Heritage sites and local government. Then, an analysis of the results of the periodic report, and the resultant expert study on the obligations and implications of being included in the World Heritage List, which was prepared in 2008, initiated an organisation of regular Meetings of the Guardians of World Heritage Sites. Another activity which brought World Heritage sites together was a project named Management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland and Norway, delivered in the years 2009-2011 by the International Cultural Centre and its Norwegian partner. At around the same time, the Polish and Norwegian National Committees of ICOMOS, in collaboration with the National Heritage Board of Poland, carried out a project named Improvement of the existing protection and management systems for sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Its aim was to develop statements of Outstanding Universal Value for selected World Heritage sites (wooden churches and towns), and prepare the monitoring indicators. In addition to specific studies and publications, the projects were followed up by another initiative of the Polish National Committee of ICOMOS entitled Developing a model for the management of UNESCO World Heritage cultural properties, which completed in 2016, among others publication by professor Bogusław Szmygin UNESCO World Heritage Site – characteristics, methodology, management. Organisation of the Convention’s implementation today One of the first attempts to institutionalise the implementation of the World Heritage convention took place in 2003 when the National Center for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation (currently: the National Heritage Board of Poland) was named as the institution responsible for preparing the report in the I cycle of periodic reporting exercise. Following this, as soon as the exercise was concluded, in 2007, the General Inspector of Monuments instructed the Director of the Center to set up a unit “responsible for management plans and other matters related to World Heritage properties in Poland.” Nearly simultaneously with the creation of the World Heritage Unit at National Heritage Board of Poland, the Committee for Cultural World Heritage in Poland was set up as a supporting advisory body of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. It includes representatives of key departments and institutions engaged in the protection of World Heritage in Poland, as well as respected national experts in the protection of cultural and natural heritage. Thus, actions were initiated towards organising the World Heritage system in Poland, whereby priority was given to the ordering of matters and strengthening of tools in order to ensure adequate protection of World Heritage sites. Over time and with growing interest in World Heritage, the solutions adopted in 2007 become insufficient. Therefore, in October 2014, by decision of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, the Centre for World Heritage was established in the National Heritage Board of Poland with the purpose to improve conservation and management of World Heritage properties in Poland. The task of the Centre is to actively support the monument protection services, local governments, managers and government institutions in the protection and conservation of listed and nominated World Heritage properties. At the same time, it is meant to be a platform for collaboration and exchange of information between government and non-governmental organisations, as well as a wide range of stakeholders involved in protection and guardianship of the World Heritage sites. The Centre also plays the role of Focal Point for World Heritage in Poland, with all its activities working towards developing a model of effective cooperation. The organisational changes initiated in Poland ten years ago have slowly brought about visible results. The popularisation of World Heritage and relevant organisational arrangements have led into increased interest in the subject matter and deepened awareness of the importance of World Heritage sites, as well as of the growing need to safeguard them. International rules governing the conservation and management of valuable natural or cultural sites have gradually been implemented and are slowly becoming standard – not without difficulty, however, since this requires the involvement of many stakeholders at different organisational levels. Poland and world hertage Calendar before 1972 – taking part in work on drafting the content and negotiating the terms of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. 1976 – Poland ratifies the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. 1976-1978 – mandate within the intergovernmental World Heritage Committee, Poland acting as vice chair of the Committee. 1978 – the large-scale urban structure of the Historic Centre of Kraków which includes Wawel, the Old Town and Kazimierz with Stradom becomes one of the first twelve sites on the World Heritage List. 1978 – Wieliczka Salt Mine, operating since medieval times, becomes the first industrial site to be inscribed on the List. 1979 – the World Heritage Committee inscribed the remains of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp on the List, at the same time limiting the addition of other similar sites. 1979 – Białowieża Forest is one of the first natural sites to be entered on the List. 1980 – following lengthy efforts, the Historic Centre of Warsaw, rebuilt after World War II, is inscribed on the List; the proposal regarding Warsaw initiated a discussion about the reconstruction of sites and groups of historical buildings in the context of the World Heritage List. 1992 – the Old City Zamość, a Renaissance città ideale, is inscribed on the List. 1992 – Białowieża Forest is one of the first transboundary natural sites on the List, following the extension of the area in Belarus. 1997 – the Medieval Town of Toruń and the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork are inscribed on the World Heritage List. 1999 – Regional Thematic Expert Meeting on Cultural Landscapes in Eastern Europe, Białystok. 1999 – Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park, the only cultural landscape site in Poland is inscribed on the List. 2001 – the Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica are entered on the List. 2003 – six medieval wooden churches are inscribed on the List as part of a serial property called Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska. 2003-2005 – establishing cooperation between central institutions and representatives of individual World Heritage properties in Poland and joint preparation of a report within the first cycle of Periodic Reporting on the application of the World Heritage Convention. 2004 – the setting up of the League of Polish Cities and UNESCO Sites uniting the site managers of World Heritage properties, with the aim of developing collaboration and promoting tourism to individual sites. 2004 – after more than a decade of joint efforts on conservation, the Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski located on the German- Polish border is inscribed on the List. 2006 – the Centennial Hall in Wrocław, along with the surrounding Exhibition Grounds, is inscribed on the List. 2007 – setting up the World Heritage Unit at the National Centre for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation (currently the National Heritage Board of Poland – NID) and commencement of strategic works to create a system of implementation of the World Heritage Convention in Poland. 2007 – the name of the World Heritage site Auschwitz Concentration Camp changed to Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) and adoption of the Statement of Significance defining the value of the property. 2007 – setting up of the Committee for Cultural World Heritage in Poland, a supporting body for the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, and establishing within the Committee ongoing cooperation with the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on World Heritage issue. 2007 – the Periodic Reporting follow-up meeting for Central and Eastern Europe, Wrocław. 2007-2008 – clarification and agreement of boundaries of World Heritage properties within the Reactive Inventory. 2008 – protection of the Wieliczka Salt Mine is strengthened thanks to the establishment of a buffer zone around the World Heritage site 2009 – the World Heritage Committee adopts Statements of Significance prepared retrospectively, defining the value of five World Heritage sites 2010 – protection of the Historic Centre of Kraków is strengthened thanks to the establishment of a buffer zone around the World Heritage site 2012 – International World Heritage Expert Meeting on Criterion (vi) and Associative Values, Warsaw 2012 – the Polish translation of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention is published. 2012-2014 – cooperation between central institutions and representatives of individual World Heritage properties in preparing of a report within the second cycle of Periodic Reporting on the application of the World Heritage Convention in Poland. 2013 – the extension of the Wieliczka Salt Mine to include the Bochnia Salt Mine, which for centuries belonged to the same royal company and the seat of the board – Wieliczka Saltworks Castle and the change of name to the Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines. 2013 – sixteen Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine are inscribed on the List, following a long period of cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian specialists. 2013 – Poland takes up a four-year mandate within the intergovernmental World Heritage Committee. 2014 – change of criteria and extension of boundaries of the entry of Białowieża Forest on the List. 2014 – protection of the Historic Centre of Warsaw is strengthened thanks to the establishment of a buffer zone around the World Heritage site. 2014 – adoption of Retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value defining the value of three World Heritage sites, including one transboundary site: Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski, the Centennial Hall in Wrocław and the Historic Centre of Warsaw. 2014 – setting up of the Centre for World Heritage in NID, an official World Heritage Focal Point in Poland. 2015 – the beginning of regular collaboration between the Centre for World Heritage in NID and Regional Monuments Protection Offices on the protection and conservation of World Heritage sites. 2015 – the Polish translation of the World Heritage Resource Manual – Managing Cultural World Heritage is published. 2015 – Poland becomes the vice chair of the World Heritage Committee. 2016 – the submission of a nomination dossier to inscribe the Tarnowskie Góry Lead, Silver and Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System on the List. 2016 – the Polish translation of the World Heritage Resource Manual – Preparing World Heritage Nominations is distributed. 2016 – adoption of Retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value defining the value of eight World Heritage sites in Poland, including additions and updating of, adopted earlier by the Committee the Statements of Significance, for Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945), Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape and Pilgrimage Park, the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, the Historic Centre of Kraków, the Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica, the Medieval Town of Toruń, the Old City of Zamość and the Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska. 2016 – celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the ratification of the World Heritage Convention in Poland along with the exhibition “Historic Mines – Art of Nature, Work of People”. 2016 – Poland is chosen as the host country of the 41st Session of the World Heritage Committee. 2017 – the 41st Session of the World Heritage Committee in Kraków.
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Światowe dziedzictwo kultury z punktu widzenia zarządcy na przykładzie ewangelickiego Kościoła Pokoju w Jaworze

61%
STAWIAK T.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2017
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issue Dodatek Specjalny. Dziedzictwo w Polsce.
177-181
EN
When I came to Jawor as a 26-year-old vicar in May 2004, I was perfectly aware of the challenges that awaited a young pastor in so special a place. Trying to remember my feelings at the moment when I received information on being delegated to Jawor, I need to admit that I was probably more anxious than happy. From a formal point of view, I was entrusted with the parish as a vicar subordinate to the parish-priest from Świdnica, however, in practice, it quickly turned out that he allowed me great liberty and only made sure that the required administrative formalities were dealt with. From the very beginning, I had to forget about the ordinary parish work of an Evangelical minister; instead, I had to take an intensive course in art history, Silesian Baroque history, historic monument protection law, and construction law. What put me in a slightly privileged situation was that due to my origins — I am a native Silesian, or rather Lower-Silesian, as my family have lived in Wrocław since at least 1750 — I was familiar with the heritage of the Church of Peace. For various reasons, my grandparents remained in the city after 1945 and nothing has changed since then. Thus, I had been familiar with Jawor and the Church of Peace before: the history of Silesia had been important in my family home and dear to my heart. Very soon, 13 years will have passed since those days. In 2007, I was appointed parish administrator, and in 2009, the Parishioner Council appointed me as the first post-war parish-priest of the parish and the Church of Peace. Nearly everything has changed since then, just as Poland has changed. However, invariably, every Sunday and on every holiday, saying a prayer in the sacristy before a service — a prayer written by Martin Luther, starting with the word: “Lord, I am unworthy of the office and service...”, I realise that in this place, this prayer has a special meaning attached to it. During these nearly 13 years, I have also learnt to live with certain inherent problems of the Church of Peace, but I have also understood that many things are easier for me due to the fact that this is my place of service. What makes it easier to administer the parish and the church? Undoubtedly, the church, especially after it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has become a recognisable building, and this recognisability is growing every year. Obviously, we can always say that it is still insufficient, however, as a parish, we make considerable efforts to increase this recognisability and we are to a large degree pleased with the progress in this respect. Thanks to this, for several years now, our cooperation with the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage has been smooth and constructive. Nearly every year the Ministry participates or co-participates in conservation and renovation works both in terms of the financing and the programme. The same goes for Regional Monument Inspectors. They do not provide us with any financial support, however we can always count on immediate and sympathetic help, either formal or related to the subject-matter. In all its post-war misfortune (as opposed to Świdnica, the Jawor Parish was only re-established in… 1991), the Church of Peace in Jawor was lucky in some respects. Until 2005, when the state of preservation was so run-down that the church was at risk of collapsing and the Ministry of Culture was reluctant to provide funds, the church had many private patrons and a group of local activists in places like Jawor, Legnica, and Wrocław, as well as across the border, which is why it was possible to overcome the most severe crisis and then nearly “raise from the dead” a number of invaluable fittings, such as the pipe organ, the pulpit, the altar, and the bells. The 350th anniversary of the existence of the church, held in September 2005, was of great help here. It became a natural turning point, a deadline that had to be met “so that everything will be ready for the anniversary”. It ended in success. Many things changed with the change of the General Monuments Inspector in 2006, then a voice, which we could understand and which also understood us started to flow from Warsaw. Despite this, the most difficult problem that I identify and am confronted with is invariably the heritage of the Churches of Peace. More specifically — their Silesian heritage. Due to political circumstances, the Churches of Peace, undeniably at home, remain slightly strange. They are not the heritage of the vast majority of people who came to Silesia after 1945; there are fewer and fewer people living across the western border who remember them as their own; and nobody remembers about their Czech or Austrian roots any longer. I do realize that this problem is a bit of a taboo, but maybe it is time it was discussed openly? It is a great shame that the regulations concerning funds from the so-called EU-programmes are not more perfectly adapted. The required own contribution and the fact that such programmes are handled by many people basically exclude all “small” administrators who have no wealthy local government patrons. An easy solution would be to consider the support granted by the Ministry as the beneficiary’s own contribution... Financial aspects are not the only administrative problems. What bothers me far more is the lack of empathy and of any involvement on the part of decision- makers. And here, again, the nearer to home, the worse it is. Frequently, members of the Parish Council (in the Evangelical Church — the body that actually governs a parish, consisting of a minister and several or a dozen-or-so members) have the impression that in the eyes of the local government, the World Cultural Heritage Site in Jawor, Lower Silesia, is not an asset, but rather a problem, as it causes thousands of tourists from the whole world to come here and demand car parks, toilets, the whole infrastructure, and to ask the local authorities: why is all that missing from here? Every year, diplomats to the rank of ambassador visit this place and expect an appropriate reception, not only on the part of the church administrators, but also the local authorities. I frequently get the impression that the existence of the church disturbs the peace and carefreeness of the local government, even if they are aware of the status of the historic monument. Posing for an obligatory photograph with a minister or ambassador, at least some of them feel that something is wrong, asking themselves whether they have ever done anything for this place. The answer is painful most of the time. Another challenge is the issue of the conservation works themselves. When it comes to saving a monument, everything is clear. At first, we do everything to save it, but then what? HOW can we preserve it? And here a problem arose in 2010. Works on the murals, the ceiling and the wall decoration, and the paintings were being commenced. “How” was related to the history of the renovation works. The church was built in 1655 and was fitted out over the next one hundred years. In 1855, it underwent full-scale renovations — the effect was so satisfactory that it was renovated completely again as soon as in 1905. Questions were asked. What should we go back to? By what method? We knew that works, once commenced, would have a decisive impact on our decisions for many years to come. Following discussions among the representatives of many institutions and experts, it was decided that the principal focus should be given to preservation, paying regard to the nearly 360-year history of the church. The preservation of historic features is not simple and it generates additional costs, however, we decided that the long history of the building should not be ignored in the conservation works. It was very pleasant to hear the words of representative authorities, who on the day of commissioning the first stage of the works in 2015 said: “Pastor, thank you — and please keep up the good work”. Today, when further stages of the works have been completed and we can see that “after” is radically different from “before” in terms of the state of preservation and maintenance, but only slightly different in terms of the general visual perception, we know that it was the right way to preserve the originality and uniqueness of the Church of Peace in Jawor and to pay tribute to its 361-year history. To conclude, I would like to bring up an issue which is, after all, the most important to an Evangelical pastor. I do not forget, and all of us must not forget, regardless of our religions and views, that this building, erected many years ago, today a World Cultural Heritage site — was built for a specific purpose. When Christian Hoppe was dedicating the wattle-and-daub church to the Holy Spirit in front of the Złotoryjska Gate in Jawor on 23 December 1655 and thousands of parishioners were singing to thank God, their joy did not come from several hundred boards with clay infill, but from the fact that, from then on, the church was to be a place where they would bring they children to be baptised, where they would bid farewell to those who passed away, and where they would hear incessant words of consolation about the Good Shepherd and words of liberty, directed at everyone who needed them. We must not forget about this role of the Church of Peace. As Evangelicals, we lost hundreds of churches in Lower Silesia. Those which are now used by Roman Catholic or Orthodox parishes, saved and preserved, make us happy; those which are decaying as ruins or storehouses make us sad. However, it is important that the two Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica, due to their history and the circumstances accompanying their foundation, are still Evangelical. This is precisely why they are able to, and do, play a special cultural and educational role and are proof that no times are so bad and no situation is so hopeless to make it impossible to do something exceptional, good, and wonderful. Thus, we have consistently imparted wisdom derived from the history of the Church of Peace, which has produced measurable and socially important effects, not only in Jawor. We have not seen acts of vandalism for practically ten years; the minors who tried to set fire to the church several years ago were looked for by half the town and although they received only symbolic sentences, they still suffer the social consequences of their act. After these many years, the locals have started to use words like “our Church of Peace” or “our gem”, regardless of whether the church really is their parish church. This is what I believe to be the greatest success of the Church of Peace in the last 10 years.
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"Ochrona i zarządzanie miastami wpisanymi i typowanymi na listę dziedzictwa światowego UNESCO w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej " : sympozjum Zamość-Lwów-Kamieniec Podolski : 6-9 października 1997 r.

61%
Szmygin B.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1997
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issue 4
404-407
11
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Historyczne parki i ogrody na Liście światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO

31%
Furmanik B.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2016
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issue 1
259-301
PL
Na Liście światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO znajduje się obecnie 77 historycznych parków i ogrodów, które społeczność międzynarodowa uznała za dziedzictwo kulturowe o znaczeniu światowym. Ich analiza wykazała, że reprezentują kilka głównych cech, które kwalifikują je jako światowe dziedzictwo: są wybitnymi przykładami różnych stylów sztuki ogrodowej, a ich kompozycja i elementy wskazują cechy charakterystyczne dla danego stylu; ich właścicielami i twórcami są często znane osobistości, które zasłużyły się w historii świata, wybitni artyści, planiści, projektanci ogrodów, architekci; często cechuje je pionierskie podejście do sztuki ogrodowej, a także planowania przestrzennego, dzięki czemu były inspiracją dla kolejnych miejsc, projektantów i właścicieli ogrodów na całym świecie; niektóre niosą ze sobą wartości niematerialne: religijne, duchowe, są inspiracją dla poezji czy innego wymiaru sztuki (np. malarstwa, muzyki, architektury, produkcji tkanin i dywanów).
EN
The UNESCO World Heritage List consists of 77 historic parks and gardens, which the international community recognized as the cultural heritage of world importance. Analysis of these properties showed that they present some of the characteristic attributes that qualify them as a world heritage: they are outstanding examples of different styles of garden art, and their composition and elements indicate the characteristics of the style; the owners and creators are often famous in the history of the world, or were outstanding artists, planners, designers of gardens, architects; they were often places of pioneering approach to the art of gardening, as well as spatial planning, which were the inspiration for other properties, designers and garden owners worldwide; some of them carry intangible values: religious, spiritual, inspire poetry, or another forms of art (e.g. painting, music, architecture, production of fabrics and carpets).
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