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1

Ryga wobec rozpadu średniowiecznych władztw terytorialnych w Inflantach

100%

Ziemlewska A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2013

|

issue 20

11-18

XX

Wszystkie strony zaangażowane w konflikt w Inflantach w połowie XVI w. chciały czerpać zyski z handlu ze Wschodem i dążyły do opanowania ważnego punktu strategicznego i handlowego, jakim była Ryga. Propozycje poddania się i gwarancje zachowania dotychczasowych praw składali miastu wysłannicy cara moskiewskiego Iwana Groźnego, księcia duńskiego Magnusa, króla szwedzkiego Eryka XIV oraz króla polskiego Zygmunta Augusta. Mimo formalnego podporządkowania zakonowi krzyżackiemu i arcybiskupowi Ryga prowadziła politykę niezależną, a nawet sprzeczną z poczynaniami swoich panów feudalnych. W 1561 r. nie poszła w ich ślady i nie złożyła hołdu królowi, na czym tak bardzo zależało Zygmuntowi Augustowi i Litwinom. Kontrola Dźwiny leżała w żywotnym interesie litewskiej szlachty, która liczyła na stworzenie szlaku wodnego, odpowiadającego znaczeniu Wisły w Koronie i na wzrost eksportu surowców z północnych obszarów księstwa. Ryga uzależniła podporządkowanie się nowemu władcy od spełnienia kilku warunków. Oprócz zatwierdzenia dawnych przywilejów i swobody wyznaniowej dla konfesji ewangelickiej miasto zażądało gwarancji ochrony przed restrykcjami cesarza i książąt Rzeszy, domagało się podporządkowania Inflant Koronie a nie, zbyt słabej jego zdaniem, Litwie. Wymagane gwarancje otrzymało w tzw. „Cautio Radziviliana prior”, wydanym przez wojewodę wileńskiego Mikołaja „Czarnego” Radziwiłła 8 IX 1561 r. Obietnice te nie zostały spełnione, dlatego delegacja ryska, w przeciwieństwie do swych zwierzchników Gottharda Kettlera i arcybiskupa Wilhelma oraz stanów inflanckich, nie złożyła Zygmuntowi Augustowi hołdu 28 XI 1561 r. W tej sytuacji Radziwiłł podjął starania o podporządkowanie Rygi bezpośrednio Zygmuntowi Augustowi. Po długich negocjacjach miasto zgodziło się na „warunkowe” poddanie i złożenie przysięgi wierności, która miała obowiązywać, gdy zostaną spełnione złożone obietnice. Znalazły się one w „Cautio Radziviliana posteriori” wystawionym przez Radziwiłła 17 III 1562 r. Niechęć Korony do zaangażowania się w sprawy inflanckie, klęski wojsk litewskich oraz obietnice bez pokrycia spowodowały, że miasto uznało się za zwolnione z przysięgi wobec władcy. Przeciwna podporządkowaniu się Rygi Zygmuntowi Augustowi była głównie opozycja mieszczańska. Z obawy przed wzmocnieniem pozycji rady miejskiej, ekspansją szlachty i utratą przywilejów blokowała poddanie się Litwie i królowi. Była nie tyle przeciwko jego zwierzchnictwu, co przeciwko jakiejkolwiek silnej władzy zwierzchniej. Jak długo rada potrzebowała poparcia gildii w uchwalaniu podatków na spłaty kontrybucji wojennych, na wojsko czy rozbudowę fortyfikacji, tak długo Ryga prowadziła konsekwentną, separatystyczną politykę. Było to możliwe do 1581 r.

EN

All parties involved in the conflict in Livonia in the mid-sixteenth century, wanted to profit from trade with the East, and strived to control the important strategic and commercial point - Riga. Proposals to surrender and guarantees to keep existing rights were made by envoys of Moscow Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Danish prince Magnus, the Swedish King Erik XIV and the Polish King Sigismund Augustus. Despite the formal subordination of the Teutonic Order and the Archbishop, Riga led independent and even contrary to the actions of its feudal lords policy. In 1561, Riga did not follow them and did not make a tribute to the king on which Sigismund Augustus and Lithuanians counted. Control of the Daugava was in the vital interest of the Lithuanian nobles, who expected creation of navigable channel of corresponding importance to the Vistula River in the Crown and the increase in exports of raw materials from the northern part of principality. Riga made the submission to the new ruler conditional on a number of stipulations. In addition to the approval of the old privileges and religious freedom for the Lutheran confessions the city of Riga demanded a guarantee of protection against restrictions of the emperor and princes of the Reich, and the subordination of Livonia to Poland, not to Lithuania that was too weak in Riga’s opinion. The necessary guarantees were granted by so called "Cautio Radziviliana prior", issued by the governor of Vilna Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł on September 8th , 1561. These promises were not fulfilled, so the delegation of the city of Riga had not make a tribute to Sigismund Augustus on November 28th, 1561, opposed to its superiors: Gotthard Kettler, and Archbishop Wilhelm and Livonian states. In this situation Radziwill tried to surrender Riga directly Sigismund Augustus. After lengthy negotiations, the city agreed to a "conditional" surrender and an oath of fidelity, which would have been in force only when the promises had been fulfilled. Promises were included in "Cautio Radziviliana posteriori", issued by Radziwiłł on March 17th, 1562. The reluctance of the Crown to engage in the affairs of Livonian, defeat of Lithuanian army and hollow promises caused that the city considered itself to be exempt from the oath to the king. The middle-class opposition was against subjection the city of Riga to Sigismund Augustus. They blocked submission to Lithuania and the King for fear of strengthening the position of the city council, the expansion of the nobility and loss of privileges. They were not so much against King’s sovereignty, as against any strong public authority. As long did the council need support of the guild in adopting contribution taxes for war, the army and the development of the fortifications, as long Riga ran a consistent, separatist politics. It was possible to 1581.

2

Where Was the Home of the Livonian Merchant? Early Urban Mobility in the Baltics

100%

Selart A.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2019

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vol. 84

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issue 1

43-66

EN

Medieval Livonia and its town life were created in the 12th and 13th centuries as a result of crusading conquests. Livonian urban elites immigrated mostly from German lands. A small number of people of indigenous origin were also integrated into the emerging merchant class. Besides merchants who settled down in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, or in other towns in the region, travelling merchants from the western part of the forming Hanseatic area played an important role in the urban life and even in the urban administration. On the basis of anthroponyms and geographical identifications of medieval townspeople, the author of the article argues that the migration patterns were not limited to immigration from Germany to Livonia. The social and spatial integration of this region resulted from multiple ways of travelling and relocation: people also returned to Germany or remained simultaneously connected to several places and sometimes remained permanently mobile. Early Livonian merchants could also be mobile within the area including minor towns and even rural places. Not only the “Germans”, but also people of native origin were involved in these movements. The family networks in particular supported multiple spatial identifications. An economically active person could have many places of identification; moving from one town to another during a lifetime was the rule, not an exception. However, the existing network of family and kinship relations, which provided trustworthy partners in the vast area from Westphalia to Livonia, was probably one of the main factors which made German merchants enjoy an advantage over their Scandinavian and Livonian native counterparts.

3

Działalność wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Pioruna” w latach 1572–1579

100%

Łabędź P.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 76

|

issue 1

23-40

EN

Krzysztof Radziwiłł nicknamed “Piorun” (“the ~ underbolt”) (1547–1603) belonged to the leading Lithuanian magnates of the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. The last stage of his political career was the position of the Vilnius voivode (the highest secular senator’s office in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) and the Grand Hetman of Lithuania. He built his career by obtaining high state offices and thanks to his military activity. The article describes the circumstances of his controversial promotion to Field Hetman of Lithuania (hetman polny litewski). The privilege for this position was to be issued shortly before the death of King Sigismund II Augustus. Enemies of the Radziwiłł Family (the Chodkiewicz Family, particularly Hrehory Chodkiewicz) accused the Radziwiłłs of forging this privilege. Nevertheless, “Piorun” became Field Hetman. Despite the controversial stages of Krzysztof Radziwiłł’s career what counted was his genuine involvement in the war with Muscovy (1558–1582), particularly in the years 1577–1579. The article shows the first stage (and the least known) of his career as the military head of fights against Muscovy in Livonia. At the same time, the article shows the subsequent stages of competition between the Radziwiłłs and Jan Chodkiewicz for preponderance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Eventually, in 1578 the Radziwiłłs managed to get influence in Lithuania. The person who helped them to do it was Jan Zamoyski, whose significance at the court of King Stefan Batory (1576–1586) was rising. The end of the 1570s became a key moment in the public career of Krzysztof “Piorun” Radziwiłł. In the second half of the 1580s (after the death of his father in 1584) and in the 1590s he became the most influential Lithuanian magnate.

4

The Late Baroque Church Interiors of Livonia within pre-Partition Poland

100%

Kaminska R.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

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2011

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vol. 73

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issue 3-4

453-478

EN

The article, published in English, describes the 18-century church interiors in Polish-administrated Livonia. The researcher concludes that the heritage of this region is different from late-Baroque monuments found elsewhere in Latvia. Although some motifs and basic principles of historical styles are universal, their arrangement and composition is different, testifying to alternative sources behind the artistic impulses. The ‘Polish-Livonian” interiors stand out through the plasticity of their décor; particulary in respect to the stucco finish.

5

Ryga wobec rozpadu średniowiecznych władztw terytorialnych w Inflantach

100%

Ziemlewska A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

11-18

EN

All parties involved in the conflict in Livonia in the mid-sixteenth century, wanted to profit from trade with the East, and strived to control the important strategic and commercial point - Riga. Proposals to surrender and guarantees to keep existing rights were made by envoys of Moscow Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Danish prince Magnus, the Swedish King Erik XIV and the Polish King Sigismund Augustus. Despite the formal subordination of the Teutonic Order and the Archbishop, Riga led independent and even contrary to the actions of its feudal lords policy. In 1561, Riga did not follow them and did not make a tribute to the king on which Sigismund Augustus and Lithuanians counted. Control of the Daugava was in the vital interest of the Lithuanian nobles, who expected creation of navigable channel of corresponding importance to the Vistula River in the Crown and the increase in exports of raw materials from the northern part of principality. Riga made the submission to the new ruler conditional on a number of stipulations. In addition to the approval of the old privileges and religious freedom for the Lutheran confessions the city of Riga demanded a guarantee of protection against restrictions of the emperor and princes of the Reich, and the subordination of Livonia to Poland, not to Lithuania that was too weak in Riga’s opinion. The necessary guarantees were granted by so called "Cautio Radziviliana prior", issued by the governor of Vilna Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł on September 8th , 1561. These promises were not fulfilled, so the delegation of the city of Riga had not make a tribute to Sigismund Augustus on November 28th, 1561, opposed to its superiors: Gotthard Kettler, and Archbishop Wilhelm and Livonian states. In this situation Radziwill tried to surrender Riga directly Sigismund Augustus. After lengthy negotiations, the city agreed to a "conditional" surrender and an oath of fidelity, which would have been in force only when the promises had been fulfilled. Promises were included in "Cautio Radziviliana posteriori", issued by Radziwiłł on March 17th, 1562. The reluctance of the Crown to engage in the affairs of Livonian, defeat of Lithuanian army and hollow promises caused that the city considered itself to be exempt from the oath to the king. The middle-class opposition was against subjection the city of Riga to Sigismund Augustus. They blocked submission to Lithuania and the King for fear of strengthening the position of the city council, the expansion of the nobility and loss of privileges. They were not so much against King’s sovereignty, as against any strong public authority. As long did the council need support of the guild in adopting contribution taxes for war, the army and the development of the fortifications, as long Riga ran a consistent, separatist politics. It was possible to 1581.

6

Where Was the Home of the Livonian Merchant? Early Urban Mobility in the Baltics

100%

Selart A.

|

EN

Medieval Livonia and its town life were created in the 12th and 13th centuries as a result of crusading conquests. Livonian urban elites immigrated mostly from German lands. A small number of people of indigenous origin were also integrated into the emerging merchant class. Besides merchants who settled down in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, or in other towns in the region, travelling merchants from the western part of the forming Hanseatic area played an important role in the urban life and even in the urban administration. On the basis of anthroponyms and geographical identifications of medieval townspeople, the author of the article argues that the migration patterns were not limited to immigration from Germany to Livonia. The social and spatial integration of this region resulted from multiple ways of travelling and relocation: people also returned to Germany or remained simultaneously connected to several places and sometimes remained permanently mobile. Early Livonian merchants could also be mobile within the area including minor towns and even rural places. Not only the “Germans”, but also people of native origin were involved in these movements. The family networks in particular supported multiple spatial identifications. An economically active person could have many places of identification; moving from one town to another during a lifetime was the rule, not an exception. However, the existing network of family and kinship relations, which provided trustworthy partners in the vast area from Westphalia to Livonia, was probably one of the main factors which made German merchants enjoy an advantage over their Scandinavian and Livonian native counterparts.

7

Jan Józef Jałowiecki (1817–1885). Misjonarz i korespondent z Inflant Polskich

100%

Wieczorek A.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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vol. 77

|

issue 3

67-87

EN

The article constitutes an attempt to introduce Józef Jałowiecki (pseudonym J. z Bożeńców J.) a missionary, historian and correspondent from the Congregation of the Mission of St. Vincent de Paul. Chronologically, the article embraces the years 1755–1885 – the period from bringing Lazarists to Krasław by Konstanty Ludwik Plater to the death of the last parish priest. The source base is the material kept in the Latvian National Library, including in particular the “Libraries of the Catholic Church in Krasław” (Krāslavaskato lubaznīcas bibliotēkas) and the Latvian calendar of 1870. Other valuable sources include the files of The House of Missionary Priests in Krasław from the years 1755–1842, personnel catalogues of missionaries and “The Biographic Dictionary of the Community of Missionary Priests (1651–1951)” [„Słownik biograficzny Zgromadzenia Księży Misjonarzy (1651–1951)”] written by Alfons Schletz and kept in the Archive of the Polish Province of the Community of Missionary Priests and the Archive of Nasza Przeszłość in Cracow. Another equally useful source was the correspondence between Jan Józef Jałowiecki and Przegląd Katolicki. Jan Józef Jałowiecki (1817–1885) played a major role in the history of Polish Livonia and Courland as a parish priest and the last rector of the seminary in Krasław. The thesis is proved by the letters published in Przegląd Katolicki and an article published in the magazine Rubon. He described there the history of parish churches from Livonia and Courland. He depicted people who created the history of Kalupe [Kołup], Lejksna [Liksna], Daugavpils [Dinaburg], Rēzekne [Rzeżyca], Bebra, Dweta, Nowa Świętmujża, Stara Świętmujża, Nidzgal and Krasław. As a correspondent from Polish Livonia, he tried to maintain the continuity between partitioned Polish lands. He also dealt with poetry, the evidence of which is a prayer to St. Isidore the Labourer included in the article. Nevertheless, it is hard to localize the remaining works he wrote as he remained anonymous. His involvement in the issues of the Church of St. Louise in Krasław also bore fruit. Thanks to him Jan Matejko’s apprentices painted the picture St. Louis setting off on a crusade, which was brought to Krasław after Jałowiecki’s death. He deserves a closer academic investigation, owing to his educational and literary activity, as well as his work for the parish church. His involvement in major issues allows us to refer to him as a correspondent from Polish Livonia in the full sense of the word.

8

Hermann von Wartberge (Warburg) and his Origins. New Research and Outcomes

88%

Janiec J.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2016

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issue 13

309-322

EN

The main aim of this paper is to present the findings of the latest, authorial indepth research concerning the ancestry of a chaplain and chronicler to the masters of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, Hermann von Wartberge, who lived in the 14th century. The author successively addresses and attempts to fill the gaps regarding this historical figure using primary and secondary sources. The main conclusion is that Hermann might have originated from the old Mecklenburgian house of von Warburg.

9

Charakterystyka „miejskich artykułów wojskowych” na przykładzie Rigischer Artikelsbrieff z 1600 roku

88%

Łopatecki K.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2013

|

vol. 78

|

issue 2

5-38

EN

The article concerns the “municipal military articles” – regulations issued or accepted by the town council for military forces employed by the town. This type of standard act developed in the early modern period mainly in the Reich, the Swiss Confederacy in the Apennine Peninsula and in the Polish Rzeczpospolita. As far as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is concerned, we are familiar with military articles issued by the council of Gdańsk, Riga and Toruń. The regulations of Riga for the Landsknechte, unknown in historiography, were created at the end of 1600; the ceremony of their acceptance by a team of 800 people took place on 12 January 1601. The regulations were in force probably as long as Riga remained within the borders of the Polish Rzeczpospolita. The text of Artikelbrief coincides with German law. Probably the regulations followed the model of Prussian articles written by Albrecht Hohenzollern included in Kriegsordnung. The military articles of Riga helped to maintain a high level of military discipline during military campaigns in Livonia. When set behind the troops of the Polish Crown and Lithuania, the soldiers of Riga behaved relatively peacefully. The most spectacular crimes were harshly judged and sentences were executed, which at that time was quite rare. Special emphasis was given to the issue of military expeditions, which was an uncharacteristic solution when compared with other “municipal military articles”. Attention should be drawn to a regulation which prohibited undertaking attacks against allied armies, the equivalents of which were to be found in Lithuanian and Polish articles issued at that time (1601).

10

Źródła do dziejów południowo-wschodnich Inflant (późniejszych Inflant Polskich) w latach 1561-1600 w archiwach Rygi i Wilna

75%

Jeziorski P. A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

63-76

PL

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wybranych źródeł do dziejów Łatgalii w latach 1561–1600, a więc w najwcześniejszym okresie przynależności tej części dawnych Inflant do państwa polsko–litewskiego. Obecnie są one przechowywanych w archiwach i bibliotekach Rygi oraz Wilna. Łatgalia, jedna z głównych krain historycznych współczesnej Łotwy, od 2. połowy XVII w. zwana Inflantami Polskimi, w granicach Rzeczypospolitej dotrwała do 1772 r. Omówieniem objęło wybrane źródła przechowywane w Łotewskim Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym (Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs) w Rydze oraz zgromadzone w związanym z nim Archiwum Zewnętrznym Rady Ryskiej (Rīgas Magistrāta Arejais Arhīvs), a także w Łotewskiej Bibliotece Narodowej (Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka). Scharakteryzowano też zbiory przechowywane w Litewskim Państwowym Archiwum Historycznym (Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyvas) w Wilnie oraz dawnej Bibliotece Wróblewskich (Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka) w Wilnie. Omówiono też losy publicznych i prywatnych archiwów i bibliotek, mających w swych zbiorach źródła do dziejów Łatgalii w ostatnim czterdziestoleciu XVI w., które w przeciągu XIX i 1. połowy XX w. uległy rozproszeniu bądź zniszczeniu. Skoncentrowano tu uwagę na wybranych archiwach i bibliotekach polsko–inflanckiej szlachty, a także omówiono zasób i losy zniszczonego prawie całkowicie u schyłku XVIII w. archiwum miejskiego Dyneburga (Daugavpils).

EN

The purpose of this article is to present selected sources to the history of Latgale in the years 1561-1600, the earliest period of the membership of the former Livonia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Currently the records are stored in the archives and libraries of Riga, and Vilnius cities. Latgale, one of the major contemporary historical regions of Latvia, since the late 17th century was called the Polish Livonia, but within the borders of Poland stayed to 1772. The article discusses selected sources stored in the Latvian State Historical Archives (Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs) in Riga and in the External Archives of the City Council of Riga (Rīgas Magistrate Arejais Arhīvs), as well as the National Library of Latvia (Latvijas Nacional Library). Characterized were also fonds stored in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives (Lietuvos Valstybės istorijos archyvas) in Vilnius and the former Wróblewski Library (Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių library) in Vilnius. Moreover, there was discussed the fate of public and private archives and libraries that had in their holdings sources to the history of Latgale in the last forty years of 16th century that within the 19th and first half of the 20th century were dispersed or destroyed. The attention was focused on the selected archives and libraries of Polish-Livonian nobility. Furthermore, there was discussed the holdings and fate of the Daugavpils municipal archives that was almost completely destroyed in the late 18th century.

11

Choroby i ich objawy w XIX-wiecznym Słowniku polsko-łacińsko-łotewskim Jana Kurmina

75%

Szamryk K. K.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza

|

2021

|

vol. 28

|

issue 2

143-157

EN

This article presents an analysis of the names of diseases and their symptoms in Słownik polsko-łacińsko-łotewski (The Polish-Latin-Latvian dictionary) by Jan Kurmin (ed. Vilnius, 1858). The number of excerpted lexical items (377) is presented in 11 semantic fields (from the most expanded to the smallest one): diseases of the motor system, skin diseases, respiratory system diseases, symptoms of multiple diseases, internal diseases, infectious diseases, diseases of the sensory organs, wounds and cuts, digestive system diseases, mental diseases, cardiovascular diseases. The analysis shows that despite the high ability to observe symptoms, the knowledge of treatments remained limited, which is why the dictionary presents mostly diseases that can be easily observed with the unaided eye. The non-professional character of the dictionary is also evidenced by the use of synonymous sequences, vocabulary with indistinct meaning, and descriptive names of diseases.

12

Sources to the history of Livonia and Courland from 13th c to 18th c. in the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records

75%

Kulecki M.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

85-89

EN

This paper is an attempt to review preserved at the Central Archives of Historical Records sources to the history of Livonia in the period from the 13th to the 19th century. The author presents in this respect individual archival fonds, starting from the Middle Ages and the modern era, describing records of official character (Collection of Parchment Records, The Warsaw Crown Archives, The Polish Crown Chancery - Metrica Regni Poloniae, The Crown Treasury Archive), very few records of 19th c., ending with private archives, stored mainly in the Radziwiłłs Archives, and in the Archives of Warklany Estate. This review confirms the importance of sources that survived at the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records for research on the history of Latvian territory.

13

Wendeński epizod krakowskiego humanisty. Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki, biskup Wenden 1585–1587

75%

Sawa R.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

97-112

EN

This article regards ecclesiastical activities in Livonia of eminent Krakovian humanist Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki (1522–1587). In 1582 he was appointed bishop of Wenden (currently Cēsis in Latvia). Lycopolis (Dioecesis Lycopolitan) took Nidecki only in 1585. He found there a complex political and religious situation. Nidecki was surrounded by Protestants, largely of German origin, who were unfriendly to Catholics. He lacked financial resources to effectively manage the diocese. Assistance in rebuilding of administrative structures of the Catholic Church and in pastoral service was given to him by a small group of Catholic clergy. The three of them: Edmann Tolksdorf, Andreas Krüger and Fabian Kwadrantyn, came to Livonia in 1582 by the Bishop of Warmia, Marcin Kromer. Nidecki’s governance over Livonia was short. After two years of his residence in Wolmar (now Valmiera in Latvia) Bishop died unexpectedly. This coincided in time with the death of King Stefan Batory. Then there was a further period of crisis and turmoil in the diocese. That crisis was managed by the next bishop only after a two-year vacancy. The new bishop Otto von Schenking was descended from the local clergy . The proof of episodic activity of Nidecki in Livonia is a tombstone in the old cathedral of St. John in Latvian Cesis (currently the Protestant church) that was renovated recently by the Polish-Latvian conservation services.

14

Wendeński epizod krakowskiego humanisty. Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki, biskup Wenden 1585-1587

75%

Sawa R.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

97-112

PL

Artykuł dotyczy działalności kościelnej w Inflantach wybitnego krakowskiego humanisty Andrzeja Patrycego Nideckiego (1522-1587). W 1582 r. został on biskupem Wenden (dzisiejsze Cēsis na Łotwie). Stolicę biskupią objął Nidecki dopiero w roku 1585. Zastał tam skomplikowaną sytuację polityczno-religijną. Był otoczony przez nieprzychylnych katolicyzmowi protestantów, w znacznej mierze pochodzenia niemieckiego. Nidecki był pozbawiony środków materialnych wystarczających do skutecznego kierowania diecezją. Pomocą w odtwarzaniu struktur administracyjnych Kościoła katolickiego i pracy duszpasterskiej służyła mu nieliczna grupa duchownych katolickich. Trzej z nich: Edmann Tolksdorf, Andreas Krüger i Fabian Kwadrantyn, przybyli do Inflant w roku 1582 na polecenie biskupa warmińskiego Marcina Kromera. Rządy Nideckiego w Inflantach trwały krótko. Już po dwu latach rezydowania w Wolmarze (obecnie Valmiera na Łotwie) biskup niespodziewanie zmarł. Zbiegło się to w czasie ze zgonem króla Stefana Batorego. Nastąpił wówczas kolejny okres kryzysu i zamętu w diecezji, opanowanego dopiero po dwuletnim wakacie przez następnego biskupa. Był nim wywodzący się z miejscowego duchowieństwa Otton von Schenking. Świadectwem epizodycznej działalności Nideckiego w Inflantach jest odnowiony niedawno dzięki współpracy polsko-łotewskich służb konserwatorskich nagrobek w dawnej katedrze św. Jana w łotewskim Cēsis (obecnie jest to kościół protestancki).

EN

This article regards ecclesiastical activities in Livonia of eminent Krakovian humanist Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki (1522–1587). In 1582 he was appointed bishop of Wenden (currently Cēsis in Latvia). Lycopolis (Dioecesis Lycopolitan) took Nidecki only in 1585. He found there a complex political and religious situation. Nidecki was surrounded by Protestants, largely of German origin, who were unfriendly to Catholics. He lacked financial resources to effectively manage the diocese. Assistance in rebuilding of administrative structures of the Catholic Church and in pastoral service was given to him by a small group of Catholic clergy. The three of them: Edmann Tolksdorf, Andreas Krüger and Fabian Kwadrantyn, came to Livonia in 1582 by the Bishop of Warmia, Marcin Kromer. Nidecki’s governance over Livonia was short. After two years of his residence in Wolmar (now Valmiera in Latvia) Bishop died unexpectedly. This coincided in time with the death of King Stefan Batory. Then there was a further period of crisis and turmoil in the diocese. That crisis was managed by the next bishop only after a two-year vacancy. The new bishop Otto von Schenking was descended from the local clergy . The proof of episodic activity of Nidecki in Livonia is a tombstone in the old cathedral of St. John in Latvian Cesis (currently the Protestant church) that was renovated recently by the Polish-Latvian conservation services.

15

Tadeusz Bułharyn – polski pan w Dorpacie

75%

Głuszkowski P.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2014

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vol. 79

|

issue 1

83-100

EN

Tadeusz Bulharyn (1789–1859), of Polish origin, was an offi cer in the Russian army and the French army, and at the same time one of the best-known writers in Russia during the fi rst half of the 19th century. He was a co-owner and the main editor of the daily Северная пчела [English: The Bee of the North] as well as the editor of a few other periodicals. In 1828 Bulharyn bought the Karłowo [Russian: Карлово] estate near Dorpat [Estonian: Tartu], where he moved with his family four years later. He lived in Livonia for almost 30 years. He described the region in his articles,sharinghis knowledge of the area throughout Russia. Bulharyn was impressed by the quiet and academic ambience of Dorpat. He also liked the town’s geographical location and communication system with Saint Petersburg. He praised the university of Dorpat, which he considered to be a model for other universities in the Russian Empire; Estonians and Latvians, whose customs were little known among Russian readers, also absorbed his attention. Bulharyn contributed to the cultural development of Livonia. He owned one of the biggest libraries in Livonia; he informed Livonians about the most important events, invited outstanding artists and urged the authorities to open new cultural institutions.

16

Źródła do dziejów południowo-wschodnich Inflant (późniejszych Inflant polskich) w latach 1561–1600 w archiwach Rygi i Wilna

75%

Jeziorski P. A.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

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2013

|

issue 20

63-76

EN

The purpose of this article is to present selected sources to the history of Latgale in the years 1561-1600, the earliest period of the membership of the former Livonia to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Currently the records are stored in the archives and libraries of Riga, and Vilnius cities. Latgale, one of the major contemporary historical regions of Latvia, since the late 17th century was called the Polish Livonia, but within the borders of Poland stayed to 1772. The article discusses selected sources stored in the Latvian State Historical Archives (Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs) in Riga and in the External Archives of the City Council of Riga (Rīgas Magistrate Arejais Arhīvs), as well as the National Library of Latvia (Latvijas Nacional Library). Characterized were also fonds stored in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives (Lietuvos Valstybės istorijos archyvas) in Vilnius and the former Wróblewski Library (Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių library) in Vilnius. Moreover, there was discussed the fate of public and private archives and libraries that had in their holdings sources to the history of Latgale in the last forty years of 16th century that within the 19th and first half of the 20th century were dispersed or destroyed. The attention was focused on the selected archives and libraries of Polish-Livonian nobility. Furthermore, there was discussed the holdings and fate of the Daugavpils municipal archives that was almost completely destroyed in the late 18th century.

17

Vlkodlakův rov. Rozprava kulturněhistoricko-etnologicko-archeologická

75%

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

|

2019

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vol. 11

|

issue 1

135-145

EN

At the forefront of the author’s reasoning is the occurrence of two phenomena: The burial of a revenant as material culture of an existing grave and as a performative phenomenon within the framework of legends and myths. But, at the heart of the debate is the grave of an alleged werewolf, a remarkable monument, which, by a happy coincidence, was found in the somewhat specific region of today’s Latvia. Since there was no archaeological survey, we do not know whether the so-called antivampire interventions were applied to the deceased. The external form, that is a pile of stones which will prevent the vampire from coming out, recall the tomb of a vampire, at least according to the measures known from the legends of the 18th–20th century, but it attaches to it a longer-term werewolf tradition. Some of the positive connotations associated in the region of Latvia with werewolves could explain the grave in Mazirbe as a monument that has been preserved in the present times. Here, too, there is a remarkable ambivalence. Seen through the prism of the ancient legends, a werewolf is a dangerous creature; however, in the case of Mazirbe, it was a person considered universally to be popular and respected. Since the pastor’s tomb is also located within the space of the sanctified burial site of the cemetery, the potentially unclean deceased is excluded from the community of upright people, Christians, which contrasts sharply with the case of Peter Stumpp, whose person was dishonoured and his physical substance was destroyed.

18

Źródła do dziejów Inflant i Kurlandii w XIII-XVIII wieku w zasobie Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych

75%

Kulecki M.

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

|

2013

|

issue 20

85-89

PL

Tekst jest próbą przeglądu przechowywanych w Archiwum Głównym Akt Dawnych źródeł do historii Inflant w okresie od XIII aż do XIX stulecia. Autor przedstawia pod tym kątem kolejno poszczególne zespoły archiwalne, poczynając od pochodzących z okresu Średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych od akt o charakterze urzędowym (Zbiór Dokumentów Pergaminowych, Archiwum Koronne Warszawskie, Metryka Koronna, Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego), poprzez nieliczne akta XIX-wieczne, aż do akt o charakterze prywatnym, przechowywanych głównie w Archiwum Radziwiłłów, a także w Archiwum dóbr Warklany. Przegląd ten stanowi potwierdzenie znaczenia zachowanych w AGAD źródeł dla badań nad historią ziem łotewskich.

EN

This paper is an attempt to review preserved at the Central Archives of Historical Records sources to the history of Livonia in the period from the 13th to the 19th century. The author presents in this respect individual archival fonds, starting from the Middle Ages and the modern era, describing records of official character (Collection of Parchment Records, The Warsaw Crown Archives, The Polish Crown Chancery - Metrica Regni Poloniae, The Crown Treasury Archive), very few records of 19th c., ending with private archives, stored mainly in the Radziwiłłs Archives, and in the Archives of Warklany Estate. This review confirms the importance of sources that survived at the holdings of the Central Archives of Historical Records for research on the history of Latvian territory.

19

Polacy w armii Karola IX w bitwie pod Kircholmem 27 IX 1605 roku

75%

Balcerek M.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2013

|

vol. 78

|

issue 3

93-104

EN

The army of Charles IX in the battle of Kircholm of 27 September 1605 included military units from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Hungary, which is confirmed by both Swedish and Polish sources. Thanks to the detailed registers of the Swedish army it is known that three infantry banners (in Polish: chorągiew) participated in the conflicts: two Polish and one Hungarian. They were part of the regiment of Anders Lenartson, which mainly consisted of foreign soldiers from Poland, Hungary, Germany and Scotland. The first two banners were commanded by Pävfel (Paweł) Stilicken (Stigelchen) and Tideman Skrowe (Schro, Schrow); the commander of the third banner was Erwat (Horvath) Michael. During the battle the banners, along with the whole regiment of Anders Lenartson, stood in the central part of the front line. The banners were incorporated into the Swedish army no later than 1604, when they surrendered to the Swedes as garrisons of the fortresses in Livonia.

20

Leksyka religijna w Słowniku polsko-łacińsko-łotewskim Jana Kurmina

63%

Szamryk K. K.

Prace Językoznawcze

|

2020

|

issue XXII/1

255–270

PL

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problem analizy ilościowej i jakościowej leksyki religijnej w Słowniku polsko-łacińsko-łotewskim Jana Kurmina (Wilno, 1858). Wyekscerpowany ze słownika materiał leksykalny, obejmujący 591 jednostek w 523 hasłach, zestawiono z obliczeniami dotyczącymi słowników języka polskiego XX i XXI w., co pozwoliło zauważyć, że leksyka religijna w słowniku Kurmina pod względem procentowym mieści się w granicy zasobu typowego dla słowników ogólnych. W dalszej części pracy materiał poddano analizie metodą pól językowych: wiara jako wyznanie, religia jako przedmiot wiary, wiara jako zgromadzenie oraz wiara jako obrządek, a następnie podzielono na słownictwo związane z wierzeniami chrześcijańskimi, uniwersalne oraz niechrześcijańskie. Dzięki temu opisowi ujawniło się podłoże kulturowo-społeczne badanego leksykonu. Najbardziej rozbudowana jest warstwa słownictwa chrześcijańskiego, ale wyróżnia się także leksyka związana z pogaństwem i judaizmem.

EN

This article presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of religious vocabulary in Słownik polsko-łacińsko-łotewski [The Polish-Latin-Latvian Dictionary] by Jan Kurmin (ed. Vilnius, 1858). The number of excerpted lexical items (591 units found in 523 entries) has been compared with number of such lexemes excerpted from Polish dictionaries in 20th and 21st century. The comparison shows that the religious lexis in Kurmin’s work even though elaborated remains within the upper limits of religious words found in other dictionaries. Then a lexicological analysis of excerpted lexis is presented: words are grouped it in several semantic fields: faith, religion, congregation, ritual. The author also shows how many lexemes may be regarded as Christian, universal, and non-Christian underlying that those referring to Judaism or pagan beliefs constitute a separate part what results from the specific cultural and sociological trait of the work in question.

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Tadeusz Bułharyn – polski pan w Dorpacie

Źródła do dziejów południowo-wschodnich Inflant (późniejszych Inflant polskich) w latach 1561–1600 w archiwach Rygi i Wilna

Vlkodlakův rov. Rozprava kulturněhistoricko-etnologicko-archeologická

Źródła do dziejów Inflant i Kurlandii w XIII-XVIII wieku w zasobie Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych

Polacy w armii Karola IX w bitwie pod Kircholmem 27 IX 1605 roku

Leksyka religijna w Słowniku polsko-łacińsko-łotewskim Jana Kurmina