Search results

1

Z perspektywy czasu – opinie łodzian o kondycji demokracji

100%

Murawska A.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2016

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vol. 78

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issue 1

243-253

EN

It has been over 25 years since the new system was created in Poland. This is a reason to draw conclusions and answer the question: how satisfied are people with the functioning of democracy in our country? The measures of the condition of democracy include: the functioning of democracy, of the judiciary, of health care, education at all levels and the state of the economy. The empirical basis for this article is the research material gathered in the ‘Revival of post-industrial cities.’ project covering a representative group of 700 citizens of Lodz and 437 citizens of Ivanowo. The project was undertaken with the financial resources of the National Centre for Science in 2011-2014, the survey being conducted in 2012 and 2013.

PL

Minęło ponad 25 lat budowania nowego systemu w Polsce. Jest to pretekst do podsumowań i odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze: na jakim poziomie kształtuje się zadowolenie z funkcjonowania demokracji w naszym kraju? Do omawianych wymiarów kondycji demokracji zaliczono: funkcjonowanie demokracji, funkcjonowanie wymiaru sprawiedliwości, funkcjonowanie opieki zdrowotnej, szkolnictwa wszystkich szczebli oraz stan gospodarki. Podstawę empiryczną prezentowanych danych stanowią wyniki reprezentatywnych badań ilościowych zebranych w ramach projektu „Odrodzenie postprzemysłowych miast peryferyjnych” na próbie 700 dorosłych mieszkańców Łodzi. Projekt realizowany był ze środków finansowych Narodowego Centrum Nauki w latach 2011-2014, z kolei badania surveyowe przeprowadzono pod koniec 2012 i na początku 2013 r. Wyniki badania potwierdzają niski poziom zadowolenia z kondycji funkcjonowania demokracji i jego poszczególnych komponentów. Cechą społeczno-demograficzną najbardziej różnicującą stosunek łodzian do demokracji okazał się wiek respondentów.

2

Urban regeneration and urban resilience planning through connectivity: the importance of this principle of new urbanism

94%

Cysek-Pawlak M., Krzysztofik S., Makowski A.

European Spatial Research and Policy

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2022

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vol. 29

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issue 1

111-133

EN

Urban regeneration, which is increasingly having to include methods of adapting urban areas to escalating climate change, is one of the main challenges for the contemporary development of European cities, especially in densely built-up central areas. This multi-level process requires major financial outlays, which is why it is so important to identify the factors that ensure the effectiveness of implemented projects. This article attempts to define the meaning of the New Urbanism principle of connectivity, ensuring freedom of movement in the urban regeneration process. The conducted research has been intended to verify the hypothesis that improving connectivity is critical for the success of the processes of regenerating and improving resilience in degraded urban fabric. The research was conducted using the area regeneration of the centre of Lodz as an example, being the largest project of this type in Poland. The analyses were made by comparing the current status, based on an inventory of the existing situation, and the planned status on the basis of design documentation. The research demonstrates that increasing connectivity will improve the accessibility of properties located within municipal quarters and will help obtain more attractive public spaces. The planned activities will also help bolster climate change in the location by increasing green areas, improving the use of wasteland, and by developing a network of green infrastructure. The execution of the revitalisation project in the centre of Lodz will not only improve the quality of space, but will also increase the resilience of the intensively urbanised inner-city areas to climate change.

3

Zorganizowane wyjazdy na wieś jako forma pomocy dzieciom łódzkim w latach I wojny światowej

94%

Stawiszyńska A.

Zeszyty Wiejskie

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2019

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vol. 25

53-68

EN

Horrors of the First World War affected the life of all citizens of Lodz, especially the young ones. Victualing-related problems led to a phenomenon of hunger and numerous strictly connected diseases. Various charity organizations tried to help children from Lodz, for example by organizing countryside excursions for them. The children took part both in a few-week summer stays, as well as in a few-month visits to the countryside. One of the main aims set by the organizers was to improve the overall well-being of children by providing them with proper nutrition. Even though the children staying in the countryside were required to work and help farmers, some positive influence of the aforementioned stays was frequently indicated.

4

Bałuty w krzywym zwierciadle: fantasmagoria – literatura – historia. Uwagi nad książką: Jisroel Rabon, Bałuty. Powieść z przedmieścia, pod red. Krystyny Radziszewskiej, Natalii Krynickiej przy współpracy Izabeli Olejnik i Jacka Walickiego. Przekład z jidysz Natalia Krynicka i Izabela Olejnik, Łódź 2016, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, s. 175

83%

Woźniak K. P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2017

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vol. 40

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issue 2

167-182

EN

The article comments on the Polish edition of Izrael Rabon’s Bałut: a roman fun a forsztot (1934). It includes exegesis of a novel, omitted by the publisher. Reminds and discusses earlier transaltion attemps of its parts into Polish. It classifies the Rabon’s work as an action novel, meant, by the author, to be published in parts in a newspaper. The article also portrays a variety of similar works published in Lodz press in 1918–1939. It recognizes the first print publisher and describes the profile of his printing house. Serves as a review of polish-jewish literature scene in Mid War time. It also conveys a polemic with presented in book vision of Baluty district as a place inhabited mainly by Jews and Poles. There is an attempt of correcting mistakes and omissions of the above mentioned publication.

5

Monitorowanie karier absolwentów w budowaniu wizerunku uczelni na przykładzie Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki i Umiejętności w Łodzi

83%

Rybaczewska M., Klepacz H.

Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne

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2016

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issue 2(21)

203-215

EN

The literature, popular science media coverage and strategic priorities of such structures like the European Union increasingly often put the accent on the need of cooperation between the economy and the world of science and higher education. Universities, caring for their competitive position on the market and the professional career effects of their education, include the sensitivity on the labour market needs to their priorities also in the aspect of their image. Present publication analyses the determinants of the image of the university putting the accent on the role of the graduates’ carer monitoring and indicates the undertaken actions connected with the higher education and business cooperation. Research was conducted on the group of 392 graduates (of the year 2014 and 2015) from different fields of study and departments (located in various towns) of the University of Computer Sciences and Skills in Lodz. It enabled formulating the conclusions of the application character and delineating the tendencies and future perspectives.

6

The Radegast Station Holocaust Monument - Its History, Contemporary Function and Perception in the Eyes of Tourists and Lodz Inhabitants

83%

Cudny W.

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series

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2008

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vol. 9

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issue 9

97-106

EN

The article presents the problems of the Lodz Ghetto organized by the Germans during World War II and the role of the ghetto railway station - called Radegast Station. The author also describes the contemporary function of the station, paying particular attention to the initiative of the local authorities, which led to building a monument within its premises, commemorating the Holocaust of the Lodz Jewish population. Following that, the author presents the results of a survey conducted in the monument area in 2007, which allowed the local authorities' activity and its indirect influence on the image of Lodz to be assessed.

7

Rola samorządów w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa kulturowego na przykładzie Łodzi

83%

Wilk-Woś Z.

Historia i Polityka

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2019

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issue 27 (34)

131-146

EN

Local governments play an important role in creating cultural security, both by protecting monuments, as well as by building and developing local identity. Local government should involve the local community in its activities, because only cooperation between local authorities and residents creates appropriate conditions for the development of local identity.

8

Audio Description in Fine Arts

83%

Wendorff A.

Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 3 (123)

83-94

EN

This article is about audio description of works of art. The term audio description is defined at the beginning of the text, next there is a description of how AD began in the United States and in Poland. After that, the types of AD in works of art and the rules of its creating are presented. The following paragraphs are about translating paintings through the senses, that is the hearing (ekphrasis, soundpainting), the touch (miniature models, typhlographies, touch tours) the smell or the taste (specially prepared fragrance or taste composition). The article finishes with the author looking at AD in plastic arts in Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź and the Museum of the City of Łódź.

9

Jakość życia mieszkańców Łodzi. Wymiar subiektywny

83%

Mularska-Kucharek M.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

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2012

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issue 2(48)

92-117

PL

W ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat problematyka jakości życia stała się przedmiotem zainteresowania zarówno teoretyków, jak i kreatorów życia społecznego. W badaniach uwzględnia się często dwa wymiary tej jakości: subiektywny i obiektywny. Prezentowany artykuł porusza problematykę subiektywnej jakości życia. Jego celem jest diagnoza dobrostanu psychicznego mieszkańców Łodzi. Empirycznym wyznacznikiem analizowanego wymiaru jakości życia stały się pytania o ogólne zadowolenie z życia oraz o satysfakcję z poszczególnych dziedzin i sfer życia, takich jak: rodzina, dochód, warunki mieszkaniowe, możliwość zaspokojenia potrzeb itp. Eksploracyjna analiza badanego zjawiska pozwala ustalić poziom subiektywnej jakości życia badanej zbiorowości. Dodatkowo podjęta zostaje próba sprecyzowania jego atrybutywnych uwarunkowań.

EN

In the last few decades, the topic of quality of life has been of interest to the theorists as well as social life animators. Many studies consider two dimensions of this quality: subjective and objective. The present paper discusses the problem of subjective quality of life. Our aim is to diagnose the mental well-being of Lodz residents. Questions about general life satisfaction and satisfaction in particular fields and spheres of life such as: family, income, housing, ability to fulfil one’s needs, etc., have become the empirical determinant of the analyzed dimension of quality of life. An exploratory analysis of the studied phenomenon allows us to determine the level of subjective quality of life of the studied community. In addition, we attempt to determine the attributive conditions of the phenomenon.

10

Environmental crime predictors and the spatial distribution of crime. The case of stare Baluty in Lodz, Poland

83%

Mordwa S., Laskowska P.

Space – Society – Economy

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2020

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issue 31

121-136

EN

The article refers to various studies on the creation of safe spaces as well as works on the influence of land-use on the distribution of crime in urban space. The goal of the study is to identify places and facilities which constitute a potential threat to safety and impact the spatial distribution of crime. An analysis of relationships between various types of crime predictors and the spatial distribution of crimes at the address-level has also been made. The most important conclusion drawn from the study is that the distribution of crime predictors strongly impacts the presence of crime in their direct vicinity and this influence on crime gradually lessens as the distance increases. The influence of such crime predictors as honeypots and public facilities on attracting crime as well as movement predictors and conflicts of land use on repelling crime was determined.

11

Badanie cen na rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych w Łodzi

71%

Małecka K.

Świat Nieruchomości

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2009

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issue 3(69)

52-55

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy kształtowania się cen na wtórnym rynku mieszkań w Łodzi. Badaniu poddany został rozkład cen, wpływające na niego cechy nieruchomości, kierunek oraz siła oddziaływania poszczególnych cech. Cechy mieszkań uwzględnione w badaniu to: lokalizacja, powierzchnia użytkowa, liczba pokoi, występowanie w mieszkaniu wydzielonych kuchni, łazienki i ubikacji. Badanie podzielone zostało na dwie części. Pierwsza poświęcona jest oddziaływaniu lokalizacji (rozpatrywanej jest pod względem dzielnic) na ceny. Druga przedstawia model przyczynowo-skutkowy ukazujący zależność między wielkością ceny mieszkania a wymienionymi wyżej cechami. Kluczowe jest, w tym przypadku, potwierdzenie wpływu danej cechy na kształtowanie się cen.

EN

The article is an attempt of analysis of apartament prices in Łódź. A subject of the study is prices decomposition, features of apartments influencing it, direction and strenght of influence of particular features. The features of apartments included in the study are: location, area, number of rooms, incidence of kitchen, bathroom and toilet . The study is divided into two parts. The first part is related to the affection of location (in question of districts) on prices. The second presents a cause-effect model showing the relation between the price of an apartament and features specified above. The most important thing in this case is the confirmation of influence of spcified feature on prices decomposition.

12

A Concise History of Women Originating from the City of Lodz Acting either as Flâneuses or Women Artists, at the Beginning of Modern Era until the End of World War II. An Attempt of Re-interpretation of the Literary and Art History Canon

71%

Pawłowska A.

West Bohemian Historical Review

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2018

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vol. 8

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issue 2

239-252

EN

The purpose of this paper is an attempt of re-interpretation of the literary and art history canon in the context of female writers and visual artists living in Lodz. The idea of the flâneur was developed by a German Walter Benjamin in the 1920s and 1930s during Modernism time, when the “surreal” potential of the industrial urban space was intensively explored. The concept has exerted considerable impact on the way how we now interpret 19th and 20th century depictions of the city. I will analyze the meanings of the texts written by Waleria Marrené-Morzkowska (Wsród kakolu 1890), the memoirs of Anna Clare and also the creative output of the female artists from Young Yiddish Group (1918–1921) as well as the sculptures and memoirs of Katarzyna Kobro (1898–1951) – the most intriguing female artist connected with Lodz. She was an accomplished sculptor who was under great influence of Constructivism, she strongly rejected individualism, subjectivism and expressionism, and she postulated instead an absolute objectivism of form. She was instrumental in the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art in Lodz.

13

The development of Łódź in view of its candidature to host the international specialized Expo

71%

Cysek-Pawlak M. M.

Studia Miejskie

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2017

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vol. 25

163-175

EN

The article opens the discussion about the strategic directions of the development of Lodz in the context of the application to organize the Expo 2022 put forward by the Polish government. The aim of the study is to assess the influence of the International Exposition on urban policy. The methodology rests on a careful analysis of the current activities carried out by the public authorities, both at the ministerial and city council levels. The juxtaposition of the adopted strategy in Lodz with the practical aspects of organizing the previous exhibitions forms an important part of the analysis. The study shows that the event focused on revitalisation may complement projects which are being introduced today. In the context of the dynamics of post-industrial city development, the Expo 2022 in Lodz may become an open platform for experience exchange and redefine the image of the analyzed area.

PL

Artykuł otwiera dyskusje nad strategicznymi kierunkami rozwoju Łodzi w kontekście złożonej przez Rząd Polski kandydatury na organizacje Expo Łódź 2022. Celem opracowania jest ocena wpływu Międzynarodowej Wystawy na prowadzona politykę miejska. Metodologie badan oparto na wnikliwej analizie aktualnych działań władz publicznych, zarówno na poziomie decyzji ministerialnych, jak i samorządowych. Ważnym aspektem analizy jest zestawienie przyjętych założeń z praktyka organizacji minionych wystaw. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, iż specyfika wydarzenia, koncentrującego działania wokół zagadnienia rewitalizacji, Mozę się stać doskonałym uzupełnieniem aktualnie prowadzonych projektów. W obliczu nowej dynamiki rozwoju miast postindustrialnych Expo Łódź 2022 może sie stać otwarta platforma wymiany doświadczeń, definiującą nowy obraz badanego obszaru.

14

Kulturowy rozwój Łodzi w okresie międzywojennym

71%

Pleszkun-Olejniczakowa E., Uniwersytet Łódzki W. F., Elżbieta Pleszkun-Olejniczakowa – zainteresowania badawcze autorki skupiają się wokół radioznawstwa (na tle innych mediów) a. s. a. g. r. s. i. r. M. n. s. k. k. a. o. k. S. P. R. w. o. p. M. r. s. d. r. p. S. o. s. i. r. r. i. w. w. z. J. B. i. A. P., elzbieta.olejniczakowa@wp.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica

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2015

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vol. 29

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issue 3

EN

This article is devoted in part to forgotten figures and culture-forming institutions from the interwar period in Lodz, focusing mainly on the Commission for General Education and its Executive Department (Komisja Powszechnego Nauczania i jej Wydział Wykonawczy), under the direction of S. Kopciński, and the intensive work of the Lodz municipal government to eliminate illiteracy and optimize the functioning of primary and secondary schools. Also described are the partially successful efforts in Lodz to open a college, the city’s unique system of libraries, and achievements in the publishing of daily newspapers and literary socio-literary magazines. Furthermore, the article discusses poets, outstanding teachers, and educational and cultural activists from Lodz, many of whom cooperated with Lodz Radio station, which began broadcasting in 1930.

15

Łódzcy Niemcy – fragment pejzażu „ziemi obiecanej”. Problemy badawcze

71%

Kuźma I. B., Sadowska J.

Etnografia Polska

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2011

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vol. 55

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issue 1-2

97-132

EN

The article discusses the situation of the descendants of the Germans from Lodz, their lifestyle and attitude to their own heritage and roots. It also shows how the Lodz authorities commemorate the multi-ethnic past of the city, and what is the contemporary Lodzians’ level of knowledge of the German community living in the city nowadays. The materials and data used in the article were collected in 2009–2010 in the course of the research sponsored by the Town Council of Lodz. In its first part, the article focuses on the town’s memory policy and the inter-cultural relations, which have taken place there over the years between Germans and other communities, as seen from the perspective of local Germans. The second part of the article analyses how the local German community is perceived by the Polish inhabitants of Lodz, and to what extent their image is influenced by stereotypical concepts of the Germans in general. It seems that Lodz inhabitants’ knowledge on the post-war situation of German minority in their city is very poor. It appeared that the majority of interlocutors did not express their opinions on local Germans, but on the Germans in general. Direct questions about Lodz Germans caused associations mainly connected with the times of “The Promised Land’’ – the period in history when German settlers created and stood for the “Industrial Empire’’ in Lodz. Sadly, the Lodzians’ awareness of the contemporary German minority living in Lodz was marginal. What is interesting though, both examined age groups: the older one (Lodzians born between 1945 and 1960) and the youngest one (those born in 1989–1990) responded similarly. The lack of knowledge of the younger people who indicated school as their source of information, alarmed the authors and pointed their attention to the relation between this fact and the existing educational system. To conclude this part of research, it can be stated that the school education in the town taking pride in its long-term multi-cultural tradition is on very low level. It is definitely insufficient in terms of teaching the young generation both the history and present life of all the ethnic minorities, in particular German one, living side by side with them.

16

Ocena funkcjonowania małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Łódzkim Obszarze Metropolitalnym na podstawie wyników badania bezpośredniego

71%

Dorożyński T., Urbaniak W.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2013

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vol. LXXXVII (87)

109-160

EN

This paper was drafted on the basis of results of a direct study. Its aim was to assess the activity of SMEs in the Lodz Metropolitan Area. The study, among others, focused on: economic climate in the enterprise sector, factors encouraging and discouraging from operations in the region, human resources management and employment, cooperation with the business environment institutions, state aid programs, internationalization and perspectives on development. Direct study was conducted from March to August 2012 among 171 entrepreneurs who are running businesses in the Lodz Metropolitan Area.

17

FASCHISTISCHE ZUKUNFTSVISIONEN. ZUR GESCHICHTE DER STADT ŁÓDŹ IM ZEITRAUM 1939–1945

71%

Ostrowski M.

Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia

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2009

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issue 17

33-52

PL

Artykuł jest przeglądem archiwalnych dokumentów z okresu drugiej wojny światowej. Dokumenty stanowią własność autora, który podejmuje próbę rekonstrukcji wizji przyszłości Łodzi jako piątego co do wielkości miasta Rzeszy – Litzmannstadt. Jawi się perspektywa rozwoju miasta nieco karykaturalna, lecz budząca chwilami grozę. Jest ona świadectwem czasów na szczęście minionych.

18

Aktywność społeczna mieszkańców Łodzi. Analiza wybranych wymiarów

71%

Mularska-Kucharek M., Świątek A.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

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2011

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issue 4(46)

68-83

PL

Znamienną cechą Polski jest niski poziom aktywności społecznej we wszystkich analizowanych wymiarach. Choć przeważają postawy bierne, od kilku lat dostrzega się również enklawy obywatelskiego zaangażowania. Można wskazać dziedziny, w których Polacy najchętniej przejawiają inicjatywę, poświęcając wolny czas na pracę społeczną. Oprócz tego da się wyróżnić najbardziej aktywne grupy społeczne. W niniejszym artykule została przeanalizowana aktywność społeczna mieszkańców Łodzi w dwóch wybranych wymiarach: działań na rzecz swojej społeczności i udziału w organizacjach obywatelskich. Starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie o poziom aktywności łodzian, a także ustalić korelaty wyżej wymienionych wymiarów. W analizie uwarunkowań aktywności społecznej uwzględniono następujące zmienne niezależne: płeć, wiek, zawód, wykształcenie i dochód.

EN

A low level of social activity in all dimensions is a characteristic feature of Poland. However, some enclaves of social activity do exist: there are fields of social life in which Poles are more active and devote more spare time to them; we can also distinguish active social groups. The article is an attempt to analyze social activity of Lodz citizens in the following dimensions: the participation in community activities and the participation in non-governmental organizations. The authors try to indicate the level of social activity of Lodz residents and the correlates of the analyzed dimensions of civic activity. Sex, age, profession and income are analyzed as independent variables.

19

Łódź po 20 latach transformacji – osiagniecia i perspektywy dalszego rozwoju

71%

Stawasz D., Banachowicz B.

Studia Miejskie

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2011

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vol. 4

139-152

EN

In the middle of 90.ties of XX century the City of Lodz experienced dramatic collapse of its economy. The crisis occurred far more intense than in other big cities in Poland. The crucial factor that caused this unfavourable situation, was the breakdown of light industry, predominant in Lodz agglomeration. That was also the reason of fall down of other industries related with the main branch, such as mechanical engineering or chemical industry. For Lodz society it was the time of high rate of unemployment, decrease of income, decline the standard of living. For local authorities the crisis caused increase of public expenditure for transfer benefits. More over economic capacity of the city collapsed. Twenty years of change in every sphere of city’s existence enabled to overcome the crisis and start up the processes of slow but substantial transition. Exploiting existing, internal potential as well as undertaking the effort to attract external capital, the city commenced the process of transition in economic and social sphere. As a result, the effective and diversified socio-economic system has been built. The new economy gave stabile and relatively resistant basis for further city development. The aim of the article is to present the main activities that have been undertaken in Lodz to change the unfavourable situation of the city in last twenty years. The text concentrates on those achievements which are crucial as far as further development of the city is concerned.

PL

Łódź w połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. przeżyła zdecydowanie większe załamanie gospodarki niż inne wielkie miasta Polski. Przyczyną tego zjawiska był upadek przemysłu lekkiego, dominującego w łódzkiej aglomeracji oraz innych rodzajów przemysłu, tj. maszynowego czy chemicznego, związanych z przemysłem lekkim. Dla społeczeństwa oznaczało to bezrobocie, spadek dochodów, obniżenie stopy życiowej, a z punktu widzenia finansów publicznych wzrost wydatków budżetowych na świadczenia transferowe. Ponadto wydolność ekonomiczna łódzkiego systemu gospodarczego uległa załamaniu. Dwadzieścia lat zmian we wszystkich sferach funkcjonowania miasta pozwoliło na wyjście z głębokiego kryzysu społeczno-gospodarczego. Wykorzystując istniejący wewnętrzny potencjał oraz podejmując starania o pozyskanie zewnętrznego kapitału, doprowadzono do istotnych przekształceń struktury gospodarczej i zbudowano efektywny i zdywersyfikowany system społeczno-gospodarczy. Nowa gospodarka dała stabilne i relatywnie odporne na zjawiska kryzysowe podstawy dalszego rozwoju miasta. Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych w artykule są kierunki zmian społeczno-gospodarczych, jakie nastąpiły w ciągu ostatnich dwudziestu lat w mieście, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych, które mają w dalszym ciągu wpływ na rozwój Łodzi i jej otoczenia.

20

Bezrobocie w Łodzi w okresie transformacji (wybrane aspekty)

71%

Zajdel M.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2009

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vol. LXXIX (79)

241-252

EN

The process of socio-economic transformation in Poland generates many changes both of local and national character. In this situation, the role of the Łódź labour market undergoes a constant evolution. This paper concerns the analysis of the selected aspects of unemployment in Łódź. The main goal is to present various problems concerning the condition and the structure of unemployment in Łódź. The report is based on statistical data and informations provided by the Provincial Statistical Office in Łódź and the Provincial Labour Office, as well as by the Central Statistical Office in Warszawa. The data were helpful when analyzing unemployment in Łódź. It should be noted also that a number of different issues connected with the Łódź local labour market are open. Hence, it would seem advisable to continue the research in this field.

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