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EN
The article presents the Council of Chalcedon; its theological and historical context and its consequences. The author starts with the theological context of this Council. In that time the question of relation between humanity and divinity in Christ was discussed. Apollinarius of Laodicea taught that in the person of Christ there were two elements: the Logos and the body. The Logos replaced the soul. He propagated the formula mia physis tou theou logou sesarkomene. Others theologians were not agree with his opinion. Generally, there were two theological schools which worked on this matter: school of Alexandria and of Antioch. In the first one, the Christ was seen especially as God who became man. In the second one, He was seen as the man who was God’s Son. With other words, in Alexandria the starting point of reflection was the Divinity of Christ. In Antioch the starting of reflection was His humanity. The author mentioned Eutyches whose ideas on Christology produced a lot of trouble. In such a context, the Council of Chalcedon was organized (451). It was the proposal of Emperor Marcjan. The Council, after having condemned Eutyches and Dioskur of Alexandria because of their position on theological matter, proclaimed a new definition of the catholic faith. The base of this definition was the Letter of Pope Leo the Great Ad Flavianum. The most important point of this definition was the statement that Divinity and humanity meet in Christ, and both form one person. Such a declaration seems to be clear, but it did not satisfy Greek theologians. They did not want to accept the formula two natures (duo physeis) in one person, because in their opinion it signifies a separation between the Divinity and the humanity of Christ. They preferred to speak about mia physis tou Theou Logou sesarkomene. Surely, by the term physis they did not understand nature, but a being. While saying mia physis they did not mean one nature, but one being. In their conception, Jesus Christ was a Being in which met Divinity and humanity. Many theologians were suspicious of the term person (prosopon); they supposed that it had a modalistic meaning. The main opinion of Modalists is: there is only One God who appears sometimes as Father, sometimes as Son, sometime as Holy Spirit. There were also other reasons of contesting the definition of Chalcedon. It was known that that this definition was imposed by the Greek emperor, influenced by the Bishop of Rome (Pope). Many theologians, especially in monastic milieu, did not want to accept the intervention of the civil authorities in religious matter. They did not have a very good opinion about Latin theology. In the fifth century there were some anti-Hellenic tendencies in the eastern part of the Empire. Many Oriental theologians rejected the definition of Chalcedon because it was „a for­mula of Rom and Constantinople”. In such circumstances, a lot of Christians separated themselves from the Catholic Church, forming Monophysite Churches. Those who remained in unity with Rome and Constantinople, keeping the defini­tion of Chalcedon, were called Melchites. Another problem was the canon 28, which gave some privileges to the bishop see of Constantinople. Pope Leo the Great did not approve this canon. Anti-Hellenic tendencies were so strong that in the time of Islamic invasions the people of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt welcomed Arabic soldiers as liberators from Byzantine domination. It is to be said that Arabic authorities, after having taken power in a country, were friendly towards Monophysites and persecuted Melchites. So, the contestation of the definition of Chalcedon prepared the ground for the victory of Islam in the East. The article is ended by an observation of a French theologian Joseph Moingt: declaration that Divinity and humanity make union the person of Jesus Christ produced division not only in the Church, but also in the Roman Empire. This is one of great paradoxes in the history of Christianity.
PL
Czwarta Ewangelia rozpoczyna się wielkim hymnem ku czci Jezusa Chrystusa – Syna Bożego, który stał się człowiekiem (J 1,1–14). Objawia on najważniejsze aspekty tajemnicy osoby odwiecznego Logosu – Jednorodzonego Boga, pełnego „daru Prawdy” (J 1,14.16). Ewangelista wprowadza w tajemnicę Logosu, który będąc stale zjednoczony z Ojcem (1,1–5), wkroczył w dzieje ludzi, gdy „stał się ciałem” (1,6–14). Św. Jan w swoim świadectwie, rozpoczynającym się w 1,19, a kończącym w 21,25, pozwala kolejnym generacjom ludzi wnikać w misterium Jezusa Chrystusa. On jest nową Świątynią, w której wierzący otrzymują pełnię objawienia („dar Prawdy”) i łaskę stawania się dziećmi Bożymi, czyli „synami w Synu”. Analiza trzech, głównych, części hymnu, pozwoliła autorowi artykułu w jakimś stopniu wniknąć w trójwymiarowe misterium „Słowa, które stało się ciałem i zamieszkało między nami” (J 1,14). Jest to najpierw wymiar egzystencji osoby Słowa u Boga (ww. 1–5), potem Jego wcielenie (ww. 6–14) i aktywność wewnątrz wspólnoty wierzących. (ww. 15–18). Następnie wykazuje, że tworząca się od momentu wcielenia Logosu wspólnota wierzących, Kościół, czyli wspólnota nowej Świątyni, powołana jest do dawania światu świadectwa o Bogu objawiającym swą Chwałę w Jezusie Chrystusie – Chwałę Jednorodzonego Syna. Każdy człowiek poprzez wiarę w „Słowo, które stało się ciałem”, i Kościół jako wspólnotę („my”) już teraz w niej uczestniczy.
EN
The Fourth Gospel begins with the great hymn praising Jesus Christ, the Son of God who became man (John 1,1–14). The hymn reveals the most important aspects of the mystery of the eternal Logos, the Firstborn of God, the full “gift of Truth” (John 1,14.16). The Gospel writer introduces his readers in the mystery of Logos, who, being constantly united with the Father (John 1,1–5), entered the history of men and “became flesh” (1,16–14). In his witness, which beings in 1,19 and finishes in 21,25, John allows next generations to penetrate the mystery of Jesus Christ. He is the New Temple in which the believers receive the fullness of revelation (the “gift of Truth”) and the grace to become children of God, that is, “sons in the Son”. The analysis of the three parts of the hymn allowed the author to illumine the three-dimensional mystery of the “Word that became flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1,14). The first dimension is the existence of the Word with God (vv. 1–5), the second one is His incarnation (vv. 6–14), and the third one is acting within the community of believers (vv. 15–18). Subsequently, the author shows that the community of believers, which is established from the moment of the incarnation of Logos, the Church, or the community of the New Temple, is called to give witness to the world on God who reveals his glory in Jesus Christ, namely, the glory of the Firstborn. The Church as a community (“we”) and every man already participates in this glory through faith in the “Word that became flesh”.
EN
Deification is the central idea in St. Maximus the Confessor’s teaching. St. Maximus explains this mystery using the idea of logos of existence, which in his understanding means divine ideas and all beings. The deification of man is possible thanks to the mysterious relationship that exists between the Divine Logos and the Logos of Creation. The teaching of followers is based on the differentiation of three crucial terms which connect ontology and divine economy of salvation: logos of being, logos of well-being and the logos of eternal being.
EN
This article elaborates the term Logos in two fictitious letters of Candidus, which Marius Victorinus wrote to present Arian points of view concerning the Trinitarian debate in the middle of the 4th century. The article investigates these two short letters and their historical and theological sources to demonstrate Marius Victorinus’ knowledge and understanding of the Arian controversy and the mystery of the Triune God. Although he wrote these letters himself, this research seems to be a particularly important in the interpretation of Marius Victorinus’ theological views and arguments presented in his writings against the Arians, in which he undertakes the most difficult questions concerning the unbegotten and simultaneously begetting God.
Verbum Vitae
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2005
|
vol. 7
187-200
PL
The author explains Origen's unusually original concept of the Word of God. From various texts by Origen, it is apparent that he understood the Words of Scripture as one of the two forms of the incarnation of the Divine Logos. The eternal Word at a particular moment of Divine activity became a person, and throughout the annals of salvation history became the word of the Bible which through Him confronts every person.
EN
The performative potential of Logos as a component of the propagandist formula of Wisława Szymborska’s socialist realist poems The present paper proposes a handful of reflections on the performative dimension of the language of propaganda as viewed through the lens of the debut poems by Wisława Szymborska. The underlying assumption is that despite the unambiguous orientation of those texts towards achieving particular propaganda purposes, Szymborska’s early poems do express her authentic convictions and idealistic belief in the opportunity to realize them with the help of word understood as Logos. i. e. a creative and powerful force for influencing, shaping and changing the reality. Their nature is not only ideological but also ideational, which can be seen in the attempt to reconcile temporary persuasive goals with axiological substance based on the emotional engagement and sincerity of intentions. It finds its confirmation in the area of symbolism and imagery as well as in the thematic sphere so typical of the said Nobel prize winner, inspired by what is ordinary and individual while still being important and universal.
EN
In seinem Kampf gegen die nestorianischen Irrtumer verwarf Kyrill von Alexandria alle Bezeichnungen, die den inneren und wesenhaften Charakter der Vereinigung beider Naturen in der einen Person des Logos nur unzureichend prazisierten. Nestorius, der die Verschiedenheit beider Naturen nach der Menschwerdung betonte, verstand diese Verschiedenheit ais Trennung beider Naturen, was im Grunde genommen zur Annahme zweier getrennter Tragersubjekte in Christus fuhrte.
EN
The subject of the article is the idea of the soul, its knowledge and the way to God based on the work of De consolatione philosophiae by Boethius – a late antiquity thinker. Reflection on the soul is connected with the concept of the Logos, God’s providence and eternity. Boethius assumes that the connection of soul and body is a bondage to the soul, it constitutes its kind of degradation. The soul is eternally connected with the Source, that is God, and wishes to return to it, because only God is its happiness. The soul was originally pure spirit “before” incarnation into the body, but in this material world it has to contend with the passions of the body. Hence, it is essential to tame sensuality in the process of ascending to God. Living in a physical body, the soul has “forgotten” who it really is. In order to rise to God, the soul must make a considerable effort and go through the anamnesis process that Plato wrote about. The process is based on the fact that the soul „remembers” the knowledge that it has always had within itself. The soul is rooted in the Logos, Divine Rationality and draws its knowledge from it. Hence, the soul always feels the desire to be united with God, although in this material world the sight of the soul has become obscured, and the imperfect cognitive faculties of man do not allow us to fully know reality. Individual creature consciousness actually lives only in the present, and learns reality sequentially from moment to moment. No creation obliterates the whole reality at once, as does the Absolute Being, which as providence governs and assigns to all beings a specific place in the hierarchy of the Universe. Boethius deals with the problem of providence, which is destiny, the regulation of the created world. According to the thinker, providence does not reject the free will of conscious beings who are free to act. Providence is God’s rational plan, the principle of creation, Logos – Rationality, God’s Consciousness.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest idea duszy, jej poznanie i  droga do Boga rozpatrywana w  dziele De consolatione philosophiae autorstwa Boecjusza - myśliciela późnej starożytności. Rozważania nad duszą łączą się z koncepcją Logosu, opatrzności Boga i wieczności. Boecjusz zakłada, że połączenie duszy i ciała jest dla duszy zniewoleniem, stanowi swoistą jej degradację. Dusza bowiem odwiecznie związana jest ze Źródłem, czyli Bogiem, i do niego pragnie wrócić, gdyż tylko Bóg stanowi jej szczęście. Dusza pierwotnie, „przed” wcieleniem w ciało, była czystym duchem, lecz w  świecie materialnym musi zmagać się z  namiętnościami ciała, stąd istotne jest, by w  procesie wznoszenia się do Boga ujarzmiać zmysłowość. Dusza, żyjąc w fizykalnym ciele, niejako „zapomniała”, kim naprawdę jest. By wznieść się ku Bogu, musi ponieść znaczny wysiłek i przejść przez proces anamnezy, o którym pisał Platon. Proces ten polega na tym, że dusza „przypomina” sobie wiedzę, którą od zawsze ma w sobie. Dusza zakorzeniona jest w Logosie, Boskiej Racjonalności, i z niej czerpie swoją wiedzę. Stąd też zawsze odczuwa pragnienie zjednoczenia z Bogiem, chociaż w świecie materialnym wzrok duszy został przytłumiony, a ułomne władze poznawcze, jakimi dysponuje człowiek, nie pozwalają na pełne poznawanie rzeczywistości. Indywidualna świadomość istoty stworzonej żyje tak naprawdę tylko w  swojej teraźniejszości, a  rzeczywistość poznaje sekwencyjnie z  momentu na moment. Żadne stworzenie nie ogarnia rzeczywistości całej naraz, tak jak Byt absolutny, który jako opatrzność wszystkim rozporządza i wszystkim bytom przydziela określone miejsce w hierarchii Wszechświata. Boecjusz porusza problem opatrzności, która jest przeznaczeniem, rozporządzeniem stworzonego świata. Według myśliciela opatrzność jednak nie odrzuca wolnej woli istot świadomych, które mają swobodę działania. Opatrzność to rozumny plan Boga, zasada kreacji, czyli Logos - Racjonalność, Świadomość Boga.
EN
One of the fundamental concerns of Joseph Ratzinger, as a theologian, has been (and still is for Benedict XVI) the presentation of Christ, the incarnated Word, as the only personal answer to the question of the meaning of life and of salvation. That is why his reflection, taking place in an environment of post-conciliar christology maimed by the crisis, puts emphasis on finding the evangelical Christ, by being both a critical and trusting christology. For Ratzinger, the Saviour of men is an epistemological key to the cognition of the eternal Logos, as well as the role of Mary in His incarnation and mission. The aim of this article is to present basic elements of understanding the person and works of Logos, incarnated as the Mediator of our salvation. The reflection consists of three stages. The first one is the presentation of the identity of Christ, the incarnated Logos. It is the christology of unity (the reflection on the unity in Christ), which has a number of dimensions. The second stage is the issue of Mary's role in the cognition of the identity of the only Saviour (the vision and role of mariology in the whole of Ratzinger's theological scheme; the nature of maternal mediation). Finally, we shall look into the mystery of the only Saviour of men as the foundation of discovering and building men's own identity and the Marian dimension of our salvation. Ratzinger's christology appears to centre on the cognition of God and on Christ as the central point of Revelation. Salvation equates to „being filled with Christ's countenance”, which we shall experience in the resurrection. A Christian heads for this fulfillment by looking at the cross and contemplating Jesus Christ, with the maternal presence of His and our Mother.
Sympozjum
|
2001
|
issue 1(8)
105-116
PL
Wcielony Logos i Duch Święty w dziele zbawienia. II rozdział Deklaracji Dominus Iesus - treść, kontekst, próba interpretacji
EN
This article intends to analyse crossings between words and the Word. To this purpose, we will present linguistic and spiritual connotations of the terms belonging to the semantic field of the verb “to communicate” and of the idea of communication. We will also deepen the pneumatologic curative issue of the Word. The final section of the article will draw on the description of the extensive references in the relation between words and the Word.
Studia Bobolanum
|
2019
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vol. 30
|
issue 1
67-86
EN
The source of all holiness and the only true saint is God alone. It is He who chooses the holy people for Himself as His special property, sanctifies them, and does not cease to bring to holiness everyone individually, making this holiness a gift and a task at the same time. In this short dogmatic study, the author answers the following questions: What would human being’s sanctity consist in and how is the “process” of his/her sanctification going? What role does the Christ’s Incarnation play in this process? What role plays His coming into the world and His free self-emptying (kenosis), depriving Himself of God’s glory and experiencing humiliation, which you can see in almost every aspect of His human life and public activity? Referring to the works of modern dogmatics, there is a connection between three concepts: the Incarnation of the Logos – the kenosis of Christ – the sanctification of the human being.
PL
Źródłem wszelkiej świętości i jedynym prawdziwie świętym jest tylko Bóg. To właśnie On wybiera sobie lud święty jako swoją szczególną własność, uświęca go i nie przestaje powoływać do świętości każdego z osobna, czyniąc z owej świętości jednocześnie dar i zadanie. Artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na następujące pytania: Na czym polega świętość człowieka i jak dokonuje się „proces” jego uświęcenia? Jaką rolę w procesie tym odgrywa Chrystusowe wcielenie, przyjście na świat oraz Jego dobrowolne ogołocenie się (kenoza), wyzucie z Boskiej chwały i uniżenie, które widać w każdym niemal aspekcie Jego ludzkiego życia i publicznej działalności? Sięgając do dzieł współczesnej dogmatyki, ukazany jest związek między trzema pojęciami: wcielenie Logosu – kenoza Chrystusa – uświęcenie człowieka.
Studia Bobolanum
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2020
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vol. 31
|
issue 2
163-182
EN
The article presents the issue of rationality of the consecrated life according to the teaching of Benedict XVI. The mystery of a life totally devoted to God surpasses the ability of understanding and comprehension based on nothing but the human logic. Consecrated life is a testimony of the choice of rationality open to transcendence – this choice gives the primacy to the creative Reason and has the mystery of the incarnate Logos in its centre. A consecrated person lives according to the evangelical counsels which are understandable only in the light of faith and only according to the evangelical logic. The practice of chastity, poverty and obedience is in visible opposition to some contemporary criteria of rationality. Consecrated life is the way to enlarge the area of rationality.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie racjonalności życia konsekrowanego w nauczaniu Benedykta XVI. Tajemnica życia całkowicie poświęconego Bogu przekracza zdolność rozumienia i pojmowania opartą jedynie na logice czysto ludzkiej. Życie konsekrowane stanowi świadectwo wyboru racjonalności otwartej na transcendencję, dającej prymat stwórczemu Rozumowi i stawiającej w centrum tajemnicę Logosu Wcielonego. Osoba zakonna żyje radami ewangelicznymi, które są zrozumiałe jedynie w świetle wiary i tylko według logiki Ewangelii. Praktyka czystości, ubóstwa i posłuszeństwa znajduje się w widocznej opozycji do niektórych współczesnych kryteriów racjonalności. Życie konsekrowane jest wobec tego drogą poszerzania przestrzeni racjonalności.
EN
Even today, in a society strongly marked by secularism and globalization, the Church is sent to proclaim the faith in Jesus Christ and his saving act. The resurrected Jesus himself entrusted this task to the Church before his ascension: “So go, teach all nations and baptize them” (Mt 28, 19). The proclamation of the Gospel is at the beginning of all the apostolic activity of the Church. She can never give up this eminent role because she would cease to be the authentic Church of Christ. The proclamation involves two levels: content and formal. In this paper, we will focus on the content level, specifically the existential issues of human existence. We start from the assumption of a general human desire for meaning. The search for meaning in psychology and psychotherapy was developed by Viktor E. Frankl (1905-1997), when after a horrible personal experience from the Auschwitz concentration camp, he developed his own therapeutic method, the so-called logotherapy. In the following text we will focus on the application of some principles of logotherapy in practical preaching activities. The topic is also relevant in connection with the global pandemic, which unexpectedly and dramatically “forced” humanity to abandon its existing certainties and look for new ones.
PL
Nawet dzisiaj, w społeczeństwie silnie naznaczonym sekularyzmem i globalizacją, Kościół jest posłany, aby głosić wiarę w Jezusa Chrystusa i Jego zbawczy akt. Sam zmartwychwstały Jezus powierzył to zadanie Kościołowi przed swoim wniebowstąpieniem: „Idźcie więc i nauczajcie wszystkie narody, udzielając im chrztu” (Mt 28, 19). Głoszenie Ewangelii jest początkiem całej apostolskiej działalności Kościoła. Nigdy nie może zrezygnować z tej wybitnej roli, ponieważ przestałaby być autentycznym Kościołem Chrystusa. Proklamacja obejmuje dwa poziomy: merytoryczny i formalny. W tym artykule uwaga zostanie skoncentrowana na poziomie merytorycznym, a konkretnie na zagadnieniach bytowych ludzkiej egzystencji. W tekście myśl rozpoczyna ogólne założenie dotyczące ludzkiego pragnienia sensu. Poszukiwanie sensu w psychologii i psychoterapii rozwinął Viktor E. Frankl (1905-1997), gdy po dramatycznych osobistych przeżyciach związanych z pobytem w obozach koncentracyjnych opracował własną metodę terapeutyczną – logoterapię. W artykule skupiamy się na zastosowaniu niektórych zasad logoterapii w praktycznych działaniach kaznodziejskich. Temat jest również istotny w związku z globalną pandemią, która nieoczekiwanie „zmusiła” ludzkość do porzucenia dotychczasowych pewników i poszukiwania nowych elementów stabilizacji bytowej.
The Biblical Annals
|
1966
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vol. 13
|
issue 1
95-104
PL
L’auteur considère ici comme particularités les définitions, tournures et phrases dans le texte du quatrième Évangile qui n’étaient pas employées dans la langue grecque d e l’époque et qui dans le contexte donné surprennent le lecteur. II veut savoir si ces expressions se trouvent dans le quatrième Évangile par hasard ou bien si elles ont un certain rôle à remplir. L’auteur définit des expressions comme: Logos, Agneau de Dieu, le disciple bien-aimé; des mots grecs; εκαθισεν, γυναι et παρα; il parle du „testament de Jésus”, donne l’interprétation johannique du nom Siloam et nous décrit le lavement des pieds et la pêche de 153 poissons. Selon l’auteur, S. Jean nous raconte de telle façon que parfois le lecteur est surpris par l’extraordinaire des événements et des détails que S. Jean sait trés bien mettre en relief. Cependant, S. Jean, par des expressions avec une double signification, par une irrégularité dans la construction de la phrase, une composition extraordinaire de la narration ou par l’annonce énigmatique de son récit, par lequel il devient intéressant, surprend tellement le lecteu r que celui-ci s’arrête étonné et doit constater qu’en dehors du récit historique se trouve encore quelque chose de plus profond - une signification spirituelle, religieuse, théologique. Les expressions qu’on ne trouve pas autre part ou des détails extraordinaires font ce rôle des signes pour nous dire que sous le récit historique se trouve un sens plus profond et spécifique.
EN
The article discusses the problem of the ontological distinction between God’stranscendence and immanence in the theological thought of Irenaeus of Lyons,a Church Father of the II-III century. The author presents the main conceptualand terminological apparatus that Irenaeus used in his antinomic approach to the“reconciliation” of apophatic and kataphatic images of God. He analyzes the keycharacteristics of these two dimensions of the nature of God. Special attention ispaid to the analysis of the kataphatic approache in answering the question: howcan God, who is completely ontologicaly removed from created reality, be at thesame time actively present in the world and filling it. In this context the authoranalyzes the key notions, which express the “intradivine” remoteness and God’sactive nearness in relation to created being.
UK
Artykuł omawia problem ontologicznego rozróżnienia między Boską trans­cendencją oraz immanencją w myśli teologicznej Ireneusza z Lyonu. Autor przed­stawia podstawowy aparat pojęciowy oraz terminologiczny stosowany przez Ire­neusza w jego antynomicznym podejściu do „pogodzenia” między apofatycznym i katafatycznym obrazem Boga. Analizuje on właściwości kluczowe tych dwóch wymiarów natury Boga. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona analizie katafa­tycznego podejścia do odpowiedzi na pytanie: w jaki sposób Bóg, całkowicie oddalony w aspekcie ontologicznym od rzeczywistości stworzonej, może jedno­cześnie być aktywnie obecny w świecie i napełniać go? W tym kontekście autor analizuje pojęcia kluczowe, które wyrażają „wewnątrzboskie” oddalenie oraz ak­tywną bliskość Boga w odniesieniu do bytu stworzonego.
EN
The present article outlines the beginnings of the dogma of one God in three Persons. Albeit its germ was already present in Jesus' teaching, its growth happened in conditions that were sometimes adverse. This is also testified to by the fact that the very notion and word “Trinity” (Trinitas) – as one more precise and distinguished from “Triad” (Triás) that was a little older – appeared only at the end of the 2nd century. This development resulted from the Christians’ absolute necessity, for they had to find a plane, on which faith in Jesus Christ as God's Son is in accordance with the truth that there is one God. The early twilight, or even disappearance of the Jewish Christianity current that was more sensitive to confessing a strict – that is numerical, and not only qualitative – unity of God, was marked by an influence of Greek philosophy. Its popular form was Middle Platonism combined with Stoicism that was mainly characterized by the teaching about the Word (ho Lógos), that is a divine intermediate being between God and the world that, by the way, was supposed to be created by Him. Its way to the Biblical theology was cleared by an Alexandrian Jew whose name was Philo, a Jesus’s peer, and this way influenced the Christian thought as soon as the middle of the 2nd century thanks to Justin, and then – to Origen and the Cappadocian Fathers. Even today it is a feature of history of Eastern theology, where the verdict of the First Council of Nicaea is an exception; and the verdict is not without a connection with the thought of Tertullian who worked in the Latin Carthage at the turn of the II and III centuries.
EN
Im ersten Buch des “Padagogen” treffen wir 87 verschiedene Substantiv- und 53 Adjektivbezeichnungen, die auf die Person von Jesus Christus bezogen sind.
EN
According to Ratzinger, faith is not a blind theory or an outdated concept. Neither is it an intricate philosophical system. Instead, he defines faith as “finding a way towards wisdom, rationality and factuality; [that is] a way towards perceiving reality in full.” This kind of faith becomes a gate to the communion with God, Lord of history and Lord of the universe. Thus, faith is a personal and not a material category. It belongs to the world of personal and not material relations. “Faith is a decision to be with Lord, and to live with Him.” Nevertheless, the decision cannot be a blind choice. It must rest on Logos, so that it truly is a fact-based reality. Claiming that, Ratzinger discloses his great philosophical mind. He skilfully avoids fideism, subjectivism or irrationalism in comprehending faith. He can see faith as the highest level of existence of the mind, reason, will, love and man self-fulfilment in the Holy Trinity.
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