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EN
Advertising accompanies us on almost every step. Manufacturers use all kinds of media to reach as many potential customers as possible. What is the conclusion? It’s impossible to hide that advertising has a huge impact on our lives, also on our beliefs and value system, although maybe we do not always realize it. The creators of ads realize that a better recipient is a person who does not realize that he is convinced. But not only advertising affects our lives. We also have impact on it. It draws from our culture – it shows our reality, and oen the reality of our dreams. ¥erefore, if we carefully look at the ads and their heroes, we will learn a lot about the modern man, his life, dreams and needs – means about ourselves. The pace of socio-moral changes taking place in Europe and the world is very large. Our knowledge and approach to issues related to sex, sexism, stereotypes, gender roles and discrimination have undergone significant changes over the past years. The dynamic course of these changes has brought us not only new solutions, but also new, widely discussed problems today – the phenomenon of sexism and stereotypical perception of gender norms. It would seem that stereotypes about gender norms, reproduced and recorded inter alia in advertisements, hit only women. We see in them that the range of women’s roles is rigid and limited. It turns out, however, that artificial simplifications also affect men. There are several categories in which they are „pressed”.
EN
Advertisement is spreading into almost every step of our everyday life in London. As a matter of fact, visual ads can be met mostly at London’s underground stations or bus stops, but private companies use all sorts of media to get to as many prospect customers as possible. What is the general meaning of it? It’s impossible to deny that advertising has a huge impact upon our lives, including our beliefs and system of values we believe in. It happens even though we do not always realise it. All the creators of ads aim at getting to people who are not aware that they are being convinced to buy something. But not only advertisement affects our lives. We also exert influence on it. British ads have been adjusted to our life – they show our culture, and often the reality of our dreams. Therefore, if we carefully look at them and human characters exposed by them, we can learn a lot about modern man, his life, aspirations and needs. The range of social changes taking place in Europe and contemporary world is very vast. Our knowledge and approach to issues related to sex, sexism, stereotypes, gender roles and discrimination have undergone signicant changes over the past years. The dynamics of these changes has brought to us not only new solutions, but also new, widely discussed issues today. One of them is the phenomenon of sexism and stereotypical perception of gender norms. Stereotypes regarding gender norms that we notice in advertisements concern not only women but also men - as I mentioned during the conference in London. In fact, the image of a woman in advertising has been limited to old-fashion female roles (including the role of sexual objects for men). But more and more oen it’s beginning to evolve towards images of modern aspiring women. This diversity can be seen in London’s outdoor advertising more and more.
DE
Der Artikel enthält das Abstract ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
EN
The article explores the idea of temporality in relation to high-modernist literary representations of London. I claim that the modernist metropolis appears as a palimpsest whose memorialising function is upheld by techniques such as fragmentation, citation, myth, allegory, intertextual references or allusions, which question the stereotypical relationship between then and now, subject and site. It does so by deconstructing traditional temporal sequences and by foregrounding a subtle connection between past and present. Thus, the modernist city will be considered as a space of transformation in which the substantialness of space and subjective time translates the elusive meaning of contemporary history.      
FR
L'article contient uniquement le résumé en anglais.
EN
When Poland entered the European Union in 2004, the ethnic composition of Great Britain experienced a rather sudden change. The large number of immigrants from Poland made Polish immigrants a key ethnic group in Great Britain within a few years after enlargement Poland to the European Union.The purpose of the paper is to describe the principal areas of concentration of Polish immigrants in Great Britain as well as to describe the key factors determining the distribution of Polish immigrants. The paper is based on data obtained from British population registries and survey data collected in London in 2010. Research has shown that most Polish immigrants have settled in major cities, with London being the main concentration area. The main reason for this distribution is the presence of migration networks in major cities and more job opportunities as well.
EN
The article A Fantastic Crucible: Genological and Cultural Syncretism in Ben Aaronovitch Urban Fantasy Series “Rivers of London” explores generic and cultural syncretism in the eponymous cycle. Having defined urban fantasy, the author proceeds to place emphasis on the overwhelming heterogeneity adopted within the genre, which suggests its openness to various influences, transformations and modifications. In this particular case the elements of urban fantasy and the criminal novel have been successfully incorporated to create a harmonious whole. Examining the vision of a city of London as a melting pot, Borowska-Szerszun argues that the fantastic level of the text has been construed as just one more component of multicultural London, in which different cultures, nationalities and religions meet. Aaronovitch’s cycle is shown, therefore, as breaking the predominance of whiteness in the fantasy genre, and introducing, instead, social and cultural diversity, which reveals the potential of urban fantasy to deal with difficult issues of our times and provide a valid commentary about contemporary reality.
6
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The City According to Mike Leigh

88%
EN
The City According to Mike Leigh The key to the interpretation of the image of London presented in Mike Leigh’s films can be found in his own words: “I actually do think London is a hidden city the way New York isn’t.” and “You can get the hang of New York, but London is a collection of villages. It takes a long time to get under its skin.” London in Mike Leigh’s films perfectly matches the director’s creative thought, exposing social differences and the lack of communication in the family. However, the director releases his characters from the dark corners and hideous streets, and lets more light and nature into their lives. Thanks to this, as he has said, the city becomes a collection of small villages, which for him is the greatest value of the place where he lives and makes his 
EN
The aim of article is to introduce to political life of polish emigration in United Kingdom in the years 1945-1990. In this paper I intend to present the history of polish emigres in Great Britain, which were forming Republic in exile - Poland beyond Poland. In the post-war period polish emigres were developing polish political scene basing on principles expressed in the Constitution of 1935. The main entities which shaping the emigration policy were President and the Government in exile, as well as the Parliament's substitute in the form of National Councils. Moreover, pre-war political parties were also important in polish political life in United Kingdom. They shaped the identity of emigration. The main goal of the Republic in exile was realized - centre of power in exile has retained a deposit of legality and continuity of the state. It became a symbol of independent Poland, which lasted despite the fact that the whole world turned away from it.
8
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EN
The article presents the activities of Poles connected with the Polish Socialist Party in the British capital at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the discussed period London was an important center where leading representatives of the PPS stayed in exile. They developed pro-independence activity there, printed considerable amounts of illegal press and pro-independence publications, obtained funds for PPS activity in the country, and established contacts with socialist circles from other parts of Europe and the world. Such figures as Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz, Bolesław Antoni Jędrzejowski, Aleksander Dębski, Stanisław Mendelson, Tytus Filipowicz, Leon Wasilewski or Stanisław Wojciechowski were associated with London for many years. Józef Piłsudski also visited the city several times, and it was in London that he based the implementation of his daring plan to create the Polish Legions in distant Japan.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia działalność Polaków związanych z Polską Partią Socjalistyczną w stolicy Wielkiej Brytanii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. W omawianym okresie Londyn był ważnym ośrodkiem, w którym przebywali czołowi przedstawiciele PPS pozostający na emigracji. Rozwijano tam działalność niepodległościową, drukowano znaczące ilości nielegalnej prasy i wydawnictw niepodległościowych, pozyskiwano środki na funkcjonowanie PPS w kraju oraz nawiązywano kontakty ze środowiskami socjalistów z innych części Europy i świata. Z Londynem przez wiele lat związane były takie postacie, jak Witold Jodko-Narkiewicz, Bolesław Antoni Jędrzejowski, Aleksander Dębski, Stanisław Mendelson, Tytus Filipowicz, Leon Wasilewski czy Stanisław Wojciechowski. Kilkakrotnie bywał tu także Józef Piłsudski, który właśnie na Londynie opierał realizację swojego śmiałego planu stworzenia Legionów Polskich w odległej Japonii. 
EN
In his international novels, Henry James builds the image of England through the eyes of the American characters that travel in this country. London is the perfect setting for his international novels, as it becomes an integral part of the person or the action he is narrating.
EN
The early artistic career of Apolinary Kątski (1824–1879) was that of an infant prodigy – one of the Wunderkinder who (especially in the 19th century) dazzled audiences with their exceptionally well-developed abilities. The Polish virtuoso, unlike many prodigies, did not disappoint the hopes placed in him, going down in history as a distinguished violinist, as well as the founder and longtime director of the Institute of Music in Warsaw. In the author’s opinion, the violinist’s early career requires more thorough discussion. The present article outlines the fortunes of the young Apolinary Kątski in the second half of 1838 – so, directly after his meeting with Niccolò Paganini. This event represented a certain turning point in the development of Kątski’s career. The letter – a peculiar sort of recommendation – drawn up by the Italian virtuoso to rate the young violinist’s playing opened the doors for him to many of Europe’s concert halls and had a favourable effect on his later artistic career. Kątski had the opportunity to see for himself the power of Paganini’s words during his first trip to London, the primary aim of which was to perform before the British Queen, Victoria. The present article describes Kątski’s activities in preparation for this event. It takes up the thread of the reception of the young Kątski’s first performances in the capital of England, as well as his reception by the Polish community resident in London. Beyond this, it discusses the relationship of the Kątski family with journalist and émigré activist Leonard Niedźwiecki, who served as their guide in the salons of the city upon the Thames. Studies of the correspondence of Leonard Niedźwiecki (with, among others, Eustachy Januszkiewicz, who was active in the Polish émigré community in Paris), as well as preliminary research of the foreign press, have permitted us to recreate Apolinary Kątski’s experiences during his first independent artistic journey to London.
EN
The aim of the study is to show and compare variation of the annual and daily course of thunderstorms in selected European cities in 2005-2009. Data on thunderstorms originate from dispatches METAR for three airport stations: London Gatwick, Warsaw Okęcie and Moscow Sheremetyevo. These cities represent the various types of climate: warm temperate marine, transitional and continental. Thunderstorms mostly occurred in Warsaw - 207 (Moscow - 174, London - 71). The maximum of thunderstorms frequency, in the yearly course, in all towns occurred in July (Warsaw - 11,8; Moscow - 13,4; London - 5,0). Thunderstorms predominantly started at 13:30 in London, 17:00 in Warsaw, 18:00 in Moscow (13:30 means period 13:01-13:30, 17:00 means period 16:31-17:00 etc.). Thunderstorms most often ended at 13:30 in London, 17:00 in Warsaw, 20:30 in Moscow. There were dominated, at all stations, brief thunderstorms, which lasted for 30 minutes. The longest thunderstorm remained 9 hours (Warsaw), 5,5 (Moscow), 4,5 (London).
EN
Authors analyse the structure of immigration processes in the present Europe, showing a qualitative difference between incomers to the Western countries and to Poland. The previous are reached by Muslim immigrants, finding it hard to assimilate with the host societies and therefore are keen to follow radical Islam and turn into terrorists. As examples of such situations the terrorists attacks at Madrid, London, and Paris are pointed. The latter is the destination mostly for the immigrants from neighboring countries, especially form Ukraine – they do not pose threat to Polish security and easily accommodate to Polish culture. The other analysed aspect is the influence of the immigration crisis on functioning of the European Union – both particular countries (especially Italy) and her institutions. The controversies over European Commission’s propositions for dealing with the immigration crisis are shown, with a stress put on Central European countries.
EN
Mercury was commonly used to treat syphilis in post-medieval Europe, but debate persists about whether it ameliorated infection or exacerbated it. As there are no in vitro studies on mercury’s effectiveness, Hg levels were characterized using an established technique, portable X-Ray Florescence Spectrometry (pXRF) in syphilitic skeletons (N=22) from six post-medieval London cemeteries. Levels were assessed against proxies for syphilitic infection severity (lesion type, episodic involvement, extent of involvement), oral health indicators, and age at death. The findings are equivocal, likely obfuscated by background poor oral health and high mortality, and cannot elucidate whether mercury ‘killed or cured’.
PL
Artykuł powstał w oparciu o analizę zawartości opiniotwórczego czasopisma dla inteligencji „Nowy Czas. The New Time” edytowanego w Londynie w latach 2006-2018, po jego zawieszeniu. Ukazuje dziennikarskie i pozadziennikarskie działania Teresy Bazarnik-Małkiewicz, która jest wraz z mężem Grzegorzem Małkiewiczem (redaktorem naczelnym) współwłaścicielem periodyku. Łamy tego periodyku najlepiej ukazują jej dokonania w sferze inicjatyw pro publico bono oraz kreowanie wizerunku „Nowego Czasu” poprzez działania w zakresie public relations. Zainteresowana jest przede wszystkim kwestiami najszerzej pojętej kultury, edukacji wszystkich szczebli i dziennikarstwem interwencyjno-śledczym w kontekście życia Polaków w Zjednoczonym Królestwie.
EN
The article was based on the content analysis of the opinion-forming magazine for the intelligentsia, "Nowy Czas. The New Time”, edited in London in 2006-2018, after its suspension. It shows the journalistic and non-journalistic activities of Teresa Bazarnik-Małkiewicz who, together with her husband Grzegorz Małkiewicz (editor-in-chief), co-owns the periodical. The pages of this periodical clearly expose her achievements in the field of pro publico bono initiatives and creating the image of "Nowy Czas" through public relations activities. She is primarily interested in broadly defined culture, education at all levels, as well as intervention and investigative journalism in the context of Polish life in the United Kingdom.
EN
“Oficyna Poetów” was aliterary and cultural magazine published in London by Polish-born émigré couple, Krystyna and Czesław Bednarczyk. After World War II they settled in Great Britain, and almost immediately started private printing press. That periodical was one of their biggest projects. “Oficyna…” was one of few magazines published abroad devoted to Polish literature and art. During communism era it was aplace where Polish authors could publish not being afraid of repercussions or censorship. The magazine also integrated Polish intelligentsia around the world and was some kind of alternative for “Kultura” published in Paris. During the years the owners of “Oficyna Po­etów iMalarzy” developed their skills and machine park of the press. Struggling from low budget and lack of support they still managed to maintain very high aesthetical level of their hand-made prints. The article is devoted to graphic and typographic form of the periodical. The Bednarczyks were editors, designers, typesetters and printers at the same time. They put great effort in selection of paper, print quality and acquired the most talented émigré illustrators to cooperate in “Oficyna…”. Aesthetic form of the magazine, as well as its cultural impact on Polish society in Great Britain can be sapid for researchers interested in emigration culture, literary magazines and niche printing movement in Great Britain.
EN
This paper uncovers new complexity for Shakespearean studies in examining three anecdotes overlooked in related historiography-the first Indian baptism in Britain, that of Peter Pope, in 1616, and its extrapolation in Victorian history as Calibanesque; the tale of Catherine Bengall, an Indian servant baptised in 1745 in London and left to bear an illegitimate child, before vanishing from Company records (like Virginia Woolf’s invention Judith Shakespeare vanishing in Shakespeare’s London); and the forgotten John Talbot Shakespear, a Company official in early nineteenth-century Bengal and descendant of William Shakespeare. I argue that the anecdotal links between Peter, Caliban, Catherine, Judith, Shakespear and Shakespeare should be seen as Jungian effects of non-causal “synchronic” reality or on lines of Benoit Mandelbrot’s conception of fractals (rough and self-regulating geometries of natural microforms). Although anecdotes and historemes get incorporated into historical establishmentarianism, seeing history in a framework of fractals fundamentally resists such appropriations. This poses new challenges for Shakespearean historiography, while underscoring distinctions between Shakespeareanism (sociological epiphenomena) and Shakespeare (the man himself).
EN
The present article constitutes an introduction to the artistic profile of Austrian composer and piano virtuoso Joseph Woelfl. This forgotten creative personality left an artistic legacy of instrumental music, stage works, numerous orchestral compositions, piano concertos, a concerto for piano and violin, and a chamber concerto. Beyond this, he wrote numerous other chamber works scored for various ensembles; but above all, he created an array of works for solo piano or two pianos, as well as piano pieces of pedagogical character. The artist was born on 24 December 1773 in Salzburg, where he began his musical education. In 1790, he left his hometown of Salzburg and, probably following in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s footsteps, set out for Vienna. He did not remain there long, however, because in 1791, he was accepted for service to Prince Michał Kleofas Ogiński in Warsaw. The pianist-composer returned to Vienna probably ca 1795. He set out on his next conquest of European cities in 1799. This period of tours lasted until 1801. At this time he visited, among other cities, Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg and Dresden. In 1801, he arrived in Paris, where he spent the next four years of his life. In 1805, he left the French capital and set out for London, where he remained until his death. He passed away on 21 May 1812. In his intensive artistic career, Joseph Woelfl devoted himself mainly to piano performance and composition; beyond this, he also engaged in ped¬agogical activity. His abundant artistic output is nearly forgotten today, so it is worthwhile to remind a broader audience of this distinguished figure.
EN
The aim of the article is to show London as a city of constant multicultural development, co-existence, adaptation and fusion of many cultures, coming from various parts of the world. This amalgam creates a unique atmosphere of the British capital city. The analysis in the article depicts London as a popular cultural destination for tourists, and draws attention to a rapid ethnic, religious and linguistic growth of the city, bearing in mind the retention of an administrative division of the city and cultural specication of its particular districts. e analysis is supported by particular instances of people coming from various cultures, their adaptation to the western multicultural world and acceptance of other cultures living in the area. A west-London borough of Hounslow has become an object of a deeper analysis. An example of a multicultural urban pyramid, it is a place where African, Asian and European cultures develop, marge and co-exist. London appears to be one of the most culturally diversied cities in the world. Even though not every cultural aspect is possible to integrate, the diversity conrms that multi-ethnicity is a valid phenomenon and develops despite challenges and political obstacles. It creates a set of possibilities for the inhabitants of the British capital to live in harmony and respect for other cultures.
EN
This study deals with the formation of the European bar scene in the interwar period in the context of a specific phenomenon of entertainment, so called the American Bar which became the symbolic point of social gathering for elites. However, it was the fuel of social progress as an open forum for communication between genders as well. The main part focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the American Bar and its development as the component in the process of “Amerikanization”, based on the comparison of European cities. It also outlines the various nuances and differences from many perspectives through overall atmosphere of the bar, forms of bar promotion, the activities of associations, legislative responses, the normal operations of the bar, the professional part of the bar and the everyday socio-cultural impact on the lives of consumers. For an analysis of the phenomenon were chosen London and Berlin as two metropolis in which the implementaition and intensity of post-war feelings and the option for the new wave of hedonism associated with rising living standards could be seen in significant contradictions. That is why, despite some common patterns, American Bar should be percieved in any location as a completely unique manifestation for socioentertainment evidence of one historical era.
CS
Studie pojednává o formování evropské barové scény v meziválečném období v rámci specifického fenoménu zábavy, jímž byl tzv. American Bar, který se stal symbolickým centrem pro společenská setkání elit, ale také palivem sociálního pokroku jako otevřeného prostoru pro komunikaci mezi pohlavími. Hlavní náplní studie je zaměření se na rozbor instituce American Bar jako složky v procesu „amerikanizace“ za pomoci komparace vývoje sledovaného fenoménu v evropských metropolích. Autor v něm nastiňuje jednotlivé nuance a rozdíly z mnoha různých hledisek skrze celkovou atmosféru barového prostředí, formy propagace baru, spolkovou činnost, legislativní ohlasy, běžný chod baru, jeho profesionální složku a jeho každodenní socio-kulturní vliv na život konzumentů. Pro analýzu vývoje fenoménu byly zvoleny Londýn a Berlín jako dvě velkoměsta, v nichž se realizace poválečného cítění a intenzita projevů nové vlny požitkářství související se zvyšující se životní úrovní dostávaly významně do rozporů. American Bar by proto měl být, navzdory určitým společným zákonitostem, vnímán v každém prostředí jako zcela unikátní projev společensko-zábavního záznamu jedné dějinné éry.
EN
The present article constitutes an introduction to the artistic profile of Austrian composer and piano virtuoso Joseph Woelfl. This forgotten creative personality left an artistic legacy of instrumental music, stage works, numerous orchestral compositions, piano concertos, a concerto for piano and violin, and a chamber concerto. Beyond this, he wrote numerous other chamber works scored for various ensembles; but above all, he created an array of works for solo piano or two pianos, as well as piano pieces of pedagogical character. The artist was born on 24 December 1773 in Salzburg, where he began his musical education. In 1790, he left his hometown of Salzburg and, probably following in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s footsteps, set out for Vienna. He did not remain there long, however, because in 1791, he was accepted for service to Prince Michał Kleofas Ogiński in Warsaw. The pianist-composer returned to Vienna probably ca 1795. He set out on his next conquest of European cities in 1799. This period of tours lasted until 1801. At this time he visited, among other cities, Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg and Dresden. In 1801, he arrived in Paris, where he spent the next four years of his life. In 1805, he left the French capital and set out for London, where he remained until his death. He passed away on 21 May 1812. In his intensive artistic career, Joseph Woelfl devoted himself mainly to piano performance and composition; beyond this, he also engaged in pedagogical activity. His abundant artistic output is nearly forgotten today, so it is worthwhile to remind a broader audience of this distinguished figure.
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