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Biological and Anthropological Foundations of Arnold Gehlen's Political Theory

100%

Horonziak S.

Teoria Polityki

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2021

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vol. 5

161-172

EN

The problem of the body-soul separation has long been the subject of both philosophy and science. There is no doubt that man is a biological being. What is not certain is how human biology influences our actions and decision processes. Does it constitute humanity or is it just an excess. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Arnold Gehlen, who laid the foundations of the institutional theory, stated that man is a being marked by a deficiency. This statement was derived precisely from man’s biological deficiencies. At the same time, those influenced the human’s ability to create complex institutional systems. From the biological foundations of the analysis of man as a psychophysical being, Gehlen derived the need to establish a system of rules and norms that helps us to survive. This article will primarily discuss the biological foundations of Gehlen's theory. It will show how this 20th century anthropologist moved from researching the biological aspects of individuals to the cultural challenges faced by modern humans.

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Antropologia elementarna Arnolda Gehlena

94%

Kusak L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

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2015

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issue 6(942)

143-157

PL

Artykuł ma charakter historyczno-komparatystyczny. Jego podstawowym celem jest rekonstrukcja głównych założeń, nieco już zapomnianej, antropologii filozoficznej Arnolda Gehlena. Niektóre z nich zaczerpnięte zostały z dzieł J.G. Herdera (człowiek jako Mängelwesen), F. Nietzschego (człowiek jako nicht festgestellte Tier) i M. Schelera („otwartość” człowieka na świat). Większość tez ma jednak charakter autorski (idea „odciążenia”, człowiek jako Kulturwesen, tradycja jako siła stabilizująca życie). Antropologia Gehlena ma, obok silnych stron, również pewne słabości (biologistyczna metafizyka, przywiązywanie zbyt dużej wagi do przestarzałej koncepcji „istoty wykazującej braki”, zatarcie granic między metodą filozoficzną a metodą naukową). Są one przedmiotem dyskusji prowadzonych przez naukowców zajmujących się empirycznymi badaniami nad człowiekiem, jak i znawców filozofii człowieka. Ta kwestia jest również przedmiotem zainteresowania autora artykułu.

EN

Of a historical and comparative character, this article’s basic aim is to reconstruct the main principles of the somewhat forgotten philosophical anthropology of Arnold Gehlen. Some of the principles were derived from the works of J. G. Herder (man as Mängelwesen), F. Nietzsche (man as nicht festgestellte Tier), and M. Scheler (man’s “openness” to the world). The majority of the proposed theses, however, were Gehlen’s own (the idea of “unburdening”, man as Kulturwesen, tradition as a life-stabilising force). Apart from its strengths, Gehlen’s anthropology has some weaknesses (biologistic metaphysics, attaching excessive significance to the outdated conception of “a deficient being”, blurring the boundaries between the philosophical method and the scientific method). They are the subject of discussions carried out both by scientists conducting empirical research on man and by experts on the philosophy of man, as well as being the subject of my own interest.

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O niejednoznaczności idei pomocy

84%

Kusak L.

Prakseologia

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2012

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issue 153

11-30

EN

The idea of assistance is important in philosophy, moral science, and in socialpolitical and economic life. Its generally positive connotation is associated mainly with its clear entanglement in the world of moral values. Assistance and altruistic actions on behalf of others are treated as a differentiator and a fundamental commitment of those who would be called, “good.” Nietzsche and other „masters of suspicion” who refute the myth of transparency and obviousness of the human self questioned the established perception of the idea of assistance. Modern science also brings its contribution to the destruction of the image of this idea, and claims that this idea is incompatible with reality; this brings to light sophisticated forms of selﬁshness hiding behind the appearance of morality. The position of the idea of assistance can be, nevertheless, rebuilt on a new, extra-moral ground by referring to the ﬁndings of contemporary philosophical anthropology. It points at the fundamental importance of assistance in the constituting process of the human species: without the spirit of solidarity, without spontaneous acts of assistance, not only would people never have become fully human, but in general, life in a human form would have had no chance to survive.

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Biological and Anthropological Foundations of Arnold Gehlen's Political Theory

Antropologia elementarna Arnolda Gehlena

O niejednoznaczności idei pomocy