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1

ON THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE AT LOWER NITRA RIVER BASIN (Zum Beginn der mittleren Bronzezeit in unterem Nitra-Tal in der Slowakei)

100%
Benkovsky-Pivovarova Z.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2008
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vol. 56
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issue 2
255-267
EN
Occurrence of several types of bronze artefacts that are typical for the Tumulus Grave culture in the Madarovce culture milieu is dealt with in the contribution. In the Madarovce layer upper half at Nitriansky Hradok a pin with moulded shank and central perforation on neck was found apart from a sickle-shaped pin. From this site a dagger with trapezoid butt and four rivets comes as well. A dagger of the same shape from a Veterov culture site at Waidendorf has been dated by absolute dating to the period of Kosziderian horizon settlements existence in Hungarian Danubian basin. Sickle-shaped disc-headed pins with perforation on neck that occurred in Grave 17 at Svaty Peter and in hoards at Hodejov and Vyskovce had been influenced by the Wetzleinsdorf-type pins. Grave goods from Grave 48 at Svaty Peter included a modified Madarovce culture jug and an Onstmettingen-type razor, which belongs to the most easterly finds of razors of this type at all. The occurrence of the bronze artefacts dated to the older Tumulus Grave culture at both settlement at Nitriansly Hradok and the burial ground at Svaty Peter supports the interpretation of the above-mentioned necropolis as the representative of the group more than of the Madarovce culture phase. Casting moulds for wheel-shaped pendants from Nitriansky Hradok and for Speyer-type pins from the Lower-Austrian Boheimkirchen prove the opinions of the Speyer-type pins origin in the central Danubian basin. The remarkable fact is, however, that also wheel-headed pins from the graves 1/55 and 9/62 at Nove Zamky are recently the oldest representatives of the Luneburg group E type and of double pins with convergent eyelet. The pin from Grave 1/55 occurred accompanied by fish-bladder decorated bracelets; the pin from Grave 9/62 accompanied by a Madarovce-culture mug.
2

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF POTTERY OF FOREIGN PROVENIENCE IN SOUTHWESTERN SLOVAKIA AT THE INCIPIENT MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (Poznamky k vyskytu keramiky cudzej proveniencie na juhozapadnom Slovensku pociatkom strednej doby bronzovej)

86%
Ozdani O.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 2
259-272
EN
The article presents the problem of occurrence of pottery of foreign provenience at the turn of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Slovakia from the point of view of a complex process that led to formation of a new quality - the so-called Tumulus cultures and oldest Urnfield cultures (the Suciu de Sus and Piliny cultures). This transformation process was reflected in lively trade and cultural contacts of the north Carpathian region with cultures of almost the whole Carpathian basin and probably also in movements or shifts of smaller ethnic groups from the south northward and from the east westward, what is evidenced by presence of foreign cultural elements or imports in collections of finds belonging to particular cultures. They are mostly finds of pottery from the north Balkan region of the Vatin-Vrsac-Girla Mare-Cirna cultural circle and from the area of Otomani culture spread at the north-eastern part of the Carpathian basin. Older finds of this kind were recently enriched with pottery of foreign provenience from further sites. Pottery from the both newly excavated sites reflects distinguishable heritage of the Otomani and Vatya cultures. Origin of decoration motifs of the so-called 'Litzen' decoration have to be sought in the north Balkan milieu of the Belegis I or Cruceni- Belegis cultures. As far as their chronology and cultural environment are concerned, these finds are connected with those from the necropolis in Dolny Peter from the sites in Muzla-Cenkov and Sutto and from the necropolis in Menfocsanak and they approximately coincide with younger phase of the Kosziderian horizon bronze hoards. The work also presents a problem in terminology, which is connected with appellation of the time horizon with occurrence of these finds in the south-western Slovak region by various researchers, such as the Old Tumulus stage of the Carpathian Tumulus culture; the Dolny Peter phase of the Madarovce culture; late or post-classic stage of the Madarovce culture. At the same time the time interval is proposed to be named the Madarovce culture - Tumulus culture horizon also in connection with its provable continuity of the local development in following stages of the Middle Bronze Age. Hence, this would be a time period that can be synchronized with the horizon of finds of the Rakospalota group of the Vatya culture, the Streda nad Bodrogom group of the Fuzesabony culture or with the transitional Otomani culture - Piliny culture horizon.
3

METALLURGY AND EARLY BRONZE AGE FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS IN SLOVAKIA

72%
Batora J.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 2
195-219
EN
The study presents proofs of metallurgical production at fortified settlements of the Early Bronze Age cultures on the territory of Slovakia in the northern part of the Carpathian basin in the chronological succession they appeared. Since the beginning of the 1950s close attention has been paid to the research of fortified settlements in Slovakia. Owing to this Slovakia and Slovak archaeology made an important step in raising awareness of the European scientific public. Relevant precondition for metallurgy development were deposits of non-ferrous metals (copper, gold and tin), which are situated first of all in regions of central and eastern Slovakia. From the point of view of metallurgical development in fortified settlements, the area where the western Unetice culture meets the eastern Hatvan culture, appears to be of extraordinary importance. In the final period of the Early Bronze Age the number of fortified settlements in the northern part of the Carpathian Basin increased and the development of metallurgical production culminated. While metallurgy in the period of the Hatvani culture was concentrated at areas of fortified settlements prevailingly, in the following period, that of the Madarovce culture, we can find proofs of metallurgical activities also out of fortified areas, at open space (Nitra, Bahon). This makes the region of the Madarovce culture close to that of the Veterov culture. Even more distinctively than in the Madarovce culture in south-western Slovakia, metallurgy of non-ferrous metals is documented in the Otomani culture in eastern Slovakia. This observation does not point out the fact that metallurgical production in the Madarovce culture was on noticeably lower level than in the Otomani culture. More probably it refers to different extinction of majority of fortified settlements in the Madarovce and in the Otomani cultures. While small number of hoards and almost total absence of bronze and golden artefacts in settlements of the Madarovce culture may refer to their gradual extinction, occurrence of numerous hoards of these artefacts in the Otomani culture, frequently hidden under a hut/dwelling floor, indicate their abrupt, probably catastrophic end.
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