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Zasada teleologiczna w metodologii Kanta

100%

Sawicki J.

Filo-Sofija

2005

vol. 5

issue 5

282-292

The work contains a concise of I. Kant’s views on the problem of the laws of nature and the theleological principle presented in this context, which Kant proposes in the character of a regulative methodological postulate. The analysis of fundamental philosophical notions (the law of nature, necessity, causality, purpose) carried out from the position of an extreme aprioristic rationalism leads Kant to the conclusion about the basic impossibility of educing the conception of purpose (in relation to nature) from aprioristic transcendental laws, ie. such laws which the theoretical reason imposes to the nature by necessity. However, the fact of a total functioning of an organism does not fit, according to Kant, into the frames of a mechanically understood causality. Kant tries to solve this problem choosing the way of conclusion by analogy and finally he suggests to introduce into the living nature a specific causal relation in which the purposes constitute a particular kind of causes and results at the same time. That conception oscillates between mechanicism and theological finalism, and the fitting of a science system into the frames of aprioristic categories does not permit a finally decide about the supremacy of one or the other way of seeing the world. However, nevertheless, the perceiving and stressing of the peculiarity of organic symptoms, the formulation of the postulate about their unreductability to the law of a mechanical type constitute unquestionable and great merit of the author of the Criticism of the Judgment Authority. The idea of the totality of organism, though involved in subjective idealistic non consequencies of Kant’s conceptions has in the given historical period all features of a deep and progressive thought, outpacing and inspiring several later research ideas, both in philosophy and in natural science.

NAČO POTREBUJEME VITALIZMUS? CANGUILHEMOVA REINTERPRETÁCIA JEDNÉHO POJMU

88%

Vydra A.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

2015

vol. 70

issue 1

13 – 22

The paper concerns a specific defence of vitalism in Georges Canguilhem’s essay “Aspects of Vitalism.” Canguilhem suggests that vitalism is not a scientific doctrine, but rather a demand or a claim of irreducibility of the living. Canguilhem even signifies it as an ethics (because the sphere of values is essential here for understanding vital phenomena). On the contrary, mechanicism as a common name for all conceptions hostile to vitalism is in fact a basic method (in terms of a way or an attitude) of scientific work. The relation between these antagonisms takes often a form of a struggle. The first chapter of the article grasps the topic of life and the vitality of vitalism. The second one is a consideration on inspirational and resistant features of vitalism. The last chapter gives an explication of the scientific and the pre-scientific and of valorisation of vital phenomena. Although Canguilhemian “vitalism” as a demand cannot be labelled as science, it is still the reverse side of scientific work based primarily on mere naturalistic attitude.

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1 Filo-Sofija

1 Filozofia (Philosophy)

1 Sawicki J.

1 Vydra A.

1 2015

1 2005

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Zasada teleologiczna w metodologii Kanta

NAČO POTREBUJEME VITALIZMUS? CANGUILHEMOVA REINTERPRETÁCIA JEDNÉHO POJMU