Search results - CEJSH

1

OLFACTORY MEMORY: UNIQUE IN ITS OWN?

100%

Czerniawska E., Czerniawska J. M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2005

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vol. 11

7-29

EN

The paper contains a review of data concerning olfactory memory. The results of research suggest that olfactory memory is divided into a sensory register, a short-term storage and a long-term storage. The properties of the sensory register and short-term storage are similar to those observed in other modalities. The short-term olfactory memory stores about 6 elements, discloses a serial effect, odors are coded in a sensory, and not verbal code, and it is subject to interference. Odors can be stored for a very long time, but their identification and recognition are not always successful. Long-term coding of odors is similar as compared to other kind of material. Verbalization is helpful in this process, the encoding specifity principle is noted, as well as benefits from dual encoding. The tip-of-the-nose effect is observed. Women have higher achievements in olfactory memory as compared to men. Olfactory memory is present from birth and develops due to contacts with olfactory stimuli. In older age a deterioration in olfactory functioning and olfactory memory follows. Expert olfactory memory is the result of many exposures to specific olfactory stimuli and of the development of knowledge about them.

2

JOHANN HEINRICH CARL – THE REVOLUTIONARY: THE HISTORY AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF A GERMAN-AMERICAN FAMILY, 1852-2004

80%

Lehmkuhl U.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2014

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vol. 40

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issue 1 (151)

31-56

EN

In 2004 the North America Letter Collection (Nordamerika-Briefsammlung) received an extraordinary letter series consisting of 202 letters written by 19 different authors, all members of a large transatlantic family network (Bohn family). They wrote to each other beginning in the mid-19th century after four out of five children had immigrated to the United States. Letters were written to family members in Germany and between family members in the United States settling in different places. Drawing on this unique collection as well as on two volume family history written by the American amateur historian in 1982 and interviews with family members conducted in 2004 and 2006, the paper reconstructs the memory of transatlantic family, spanning the life experience of seven generations. The analysis sheds light on how history and memory are intertwined. It also demonstrates that Bohm family’s history and identity is the outcome of the interplay of the social construction of individual memories and its continuous reproduction in the form of stories told and histories written as a means of creating family cohesiveness in a very diverse and spatially scattered and thus separated social environment.

3

Memory as an Intentional Act

80%

Szalek P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 1(49)

23-38

EN

Psychological research has shown that the concept of memory is multifaceted. Various aspects of memory come to the fore in different psychological theories. Memory can be identified by the process of association, by its holistic function, its embedding in tradtion or as a mental act. Several of these perspectives can be reconciled and subsumed under one conception by the idea of intentional memory and its interdependence on perception.

4

The Concept of Memory in 'Matter and Memory' by Henri Bergson

80%

Herbich P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 1(49)

61-75

EN

Relying on two works - 'Matter and Memory' and a study on dreams - the author traces implications of Bergson's metaphysical assumptions. They seem to support not only Bergson's epistemological tenets but also his neurobiological hypotheses. The entire structure of Bergson's philosophy is reviewed in this process - the conception of duration, critique of the spatial projection of mental imagery, the theory of surface and deep ego. Bergson's assumptions combine to make traditional epistemological debates on the character of mental images obsolete. They put in new light mechanisms of remembering, the difference between perception and recollection, the distinction between habitual memory and purposeful recollecting. In the end a new reading of Bergson's metaphysical assumptions is offered, in which the concept of unconsciousness plays a great role and the anti-reductionist stance seems to be vindicated. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to Barbara Skarga and her book 'Czas i trwanie' [Time and duration].

5

Collector in the world of passages

80%

Tanczuk R.

Przegląd Kulturoznawczy

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2007

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vol. 1

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issue 2

122-144

EN

This paper is an attempt to reconstruct Walter Benjamin's notions of a collector, collecting and a collection. The reflection on collectors and their activity proves to be crucial to 'the material philosophy of the nineteenth century' that the author was trying to write. Benjamin's insight into collecting is based, among other factors, on his own experience, and there are parallels between the way he conducts his studies, the way his works are structured and compiled, and the collector's activity and the collection respectively. This study of Benjamin's understanding of collecting puts special emphasis on the relationship between the collection and the collector's individual memory, on the role of an interpreter of collective dreams that the philosopher attributed to the collector, who is capable of calling the wake-up, and on the specificity of the possession and decommoditization of objects by the collector.

6

„PREPISOVANIE“ PAMÄTI V SPOMIENKOVEJ KNIHE MILA URBANA NA BREHU KRVAVEJ RIEKY (1994)

80%

Csiba K.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2022

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vol. 69

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issue 3

258 – 267

EN

The article looks into how history is created and modelled in Milo Urban’s (1904 – 1982) third book of memoirs Na brehu krvavej rieky [On the bank of a bloody river] (1994). The autobiographical character of the book is constructed through being positioned him into various scenes and portrayed him from different perspectives. The article concentrates mainly on outlining this authorial self-portrayal in the historical context of the Second World War. The memoirs provide a portrait of Milo Urban as both a public persona – writer, journalist and chief editor of the radical fascist newspaper Gardista – and as a husband and father. Methodologically, the article draws on literature that conceptualises autobiographical texts as ways of narrative shaping of the past by an individual. It is not just the personal history and individual identity that are formed in this way, but also collective memory and identity. Autobiographies as such are in this respect viewed as important part of collective memory, since they influence how we view the past and which events are to be remembered and which are to be erased.

7

8/9 MAY 1945 IN THE MEMORY OF GERMANS AND POLES (8/9 maja 1945 roku w pamieci Niemców i Polaków)

80%

Korzeniewski B.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2011

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issue 1(338)

83-103

EN

The text looks at the ways the date of 8/9 May 1945 is perceived in the memory of Poles and Germans - in the official memory (anniversary celebrations), public memory (press and media) as well as common memory (historical awareness, family memory). The author traces the dimensions between different levels of memory and evolutions of the image of the end of the war in Poland - before and after the breakthrough of 1989, and in Germany - before and after reunification.

80%

Schindler J.

Prace Kulturoznawcze

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2011

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vol. 12

273-286

EN

The ways of being and understanding of culture, memory and remembering are changeable, as are their mutual references. Culture can be an object of remembering as well as a remembering subject. It can be understood as a resource or as a process. If we understand culture as a remembered (“commemorated”) resource, a question arises what objects fill it. The objects are value-focused wholes composed of things, places, figures and events. If we understand culture as the process of remembering, we can distinguish activities that sustain (make manifest) remembering and produce (activate) remembering. The article ends with some remarks on “ruminating” understood as professional or amateur broadening of the knowledge of the past as well as education and promotion of this knowledge. Ruminating is treated here as an internal cultural process.

14

Collective Memory in the 'Lava' by Tadeusz Konwicki

80%

Herbich P.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 1(49)

165-179

EN

The concept of 'condensed history' developed by John Sundholm is used to analyse the movie 'Lava' by Tadeusz Konwicki. By using this concept it can be shown, on one hand, how the collective memory of social groups and nations is created, and, on the other hand, how a work of art can affect that memory. The author concentrates on the text of the Dziady by Adam Mickiewicz, and shows how it has been treated by Konwicki. He proceeds to show how the movie director has expanded on the original text and presented two centuries of Poland's history against the background of the 19th century poem. Finally he identifies those episodes in the movie which have been particularly emphasised by the director. The two aspects of the analysis, the spontaneous growth of collective memory and its susceptibility to influences, culminate in a review of the interest for the movie which was differently perceived in the early nineties and is differently perceived ten years later.

15

Memory for words related to demands of a problem solved prior to encoding: An Investigation into inhibitory mechanisms of defence against distraction

80%

Kowalczyk M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2006

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vol. 37

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issue 3

154-171

EN

Participants solved a simple divergent problem, then performed an ostensibly unrelated speeded classification task concerning each of a series of nouns, and then free recalled the nouns. Some of the nouns in the classification task corresponded to certain demands of the problem. Recall of these nouns was analysed as a function of response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) in the classification task. Earlier studies by the author indicated that memory for such words tends to be impaired. This has been attributed to inhibitory defence against current-goal-irrelevant processing they cause in the classification task. On the assumption that the processing and the inhibitory counteraction needs time to develop between the consecutive words, impaired recall was expected at some longer and not at some shorter RSIs. Indeed, recall of problem-related words was worse in the 1550-ms RSI condition than in the 1150-ms RSI condition. Unexpectedly, however, in the 350- and 750-ms RSI conditions recall was also impaired relative to the 1150-ms RSI condition. The latter did not differ from the 1150-ms RSI control condition, in which the problem was not solved. A revised model is proposed to account for the data, which assumes that strategically controlled inhibition may block task-irrelevant processing at an earlier or at a later phase, decreasing the accessibility of the memory contents involved.

16

Rationality--Human Individual--Action

80%

Aleksandrowicz D.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 1(49)

257-270

EN

The rational choice theory pretends to explain human behaviour. It is not clear, however, that the theory can accomplish this task without first justifying a broader conception of rationality. Is it rational to maximise profits or to minimise risks? It seems that the theory must adopt some such limiting assumptions, by replacing, for instance, 'expected payoffs' by 'subjectively perceived advantages', before it can begin to make any recommendations. The subjective approach involves individual preferences based on memory of past events. If someone wants to beat the record of the latter day Simon Stylite, he must first consult the Guinness Book of Records to learn who recently remained longest on the top of a pillar. Then, in one sense, it is rational for the challenger to stay on the pillar for a longer time than the most recent record breaker did, but at the same time it is not entirely rational for him to undertake this task at all. It seems that all individuals are capable of seeing both sides of the coin. If so, the dichotomy of objective versus subjective characterisation of rationality can be replaced by a holistic versus aspect approach.

17

COLLECTIVE MEMORY IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE. INTERNET DISCUSSION OF NEIGHBOURING GROUP IN POLAND (Pamiec zbiorowa w publicznym dyskursie. Dyskusja internetowa sasiadujacych z soba grup regionalnych)

80%

Szmeja M.

Studia Humanistyczne AGH

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2010

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vol. 8

87-102

EN

Official history at school manuals and in scientific publications presented by dominant group is very often questioned by minority groups. Their interpretation of bygone events usually based on oral history. They believed that history transmitted directly in group is more 'authentic', contrary to the official which is more ideological. I went through internet discussion concerning historical background of two neighboring groups. They live on South-West of country, but during the division of Poland in 1792 they were incorporated to different states. One of them - Silesians were included to Prussia, the other group to Russian Empire. The collective memory of these groups were formed in different circumstances and now descendant of these group recall history in different way. They also presented another attitudes toward official history. Nowadays, because of political reason, these groups live in one administration unit. In communist time, group of Russian background was the ruling one. Now Silesians are more influential in social life. What is interesting, both group used history in very instrumental way. The internet discussion shows how both group used their history to substantiate symbolic domination, how they invent their historical position. Discussion contains past events, commemoration of heroes (monuments, name of street), right to use dialect.

18

LITERARY EXPERIENCING CULTURAL VISUALISATIONS: AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF (RE)CONSTRUCTION (Doswiadczanie kulturowych wizualizacji. Antropologia (re)konstrukcji)

80%

Lesniakowska M.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2009

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issue 1-2

11-31

EN

The proposed analysis of the category of modernity within the perspective of post-modern critical history of art aims at showing how the relations with an image change where the issue of image as cultural visualisation of experience - i.e. as the speakable language - has been reversed toward a question of experiencing the image. The field of the observation is analysis of the image of a certain (specific) town as a record of social participation in which memory can be watched, i.e. memory becomes visible as a performative category. This is effectuated by means of an aesthetic experience which leads to generation of memory as a cultural experience and to rehabilitation of the notion of emotion and sentimental involvement in perceiving/experiencing art (as in Gernot Boehm). Analysed is a project by young Polish artist Aleksandra Polisiewicz titled 'Wartopia', a project referring to plans and realisation of a Socialist Warsaw appears as a continuation of the project in question. The idea of tabula rasa which governed the fascist plans has namely been implemented by the other totalitarian regime – i.e. communism and its own visions of a Socialist Warsaw that led to an experiment materialised.

19

Memory and Consciousness according to Henri Ey

80%

Pytkowska B.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 1(49)

225-240

EN

The French psychiatrist and philosopher, Henry Ey, refers to memory in the attempt to understand the structure of human mental life. Memory, says Ey, supplies the essential dimension of the structure of the conscious being. Thus in order to understand what it is like to have memory it is necessary to analyse the structure of mind. Drawing from his clinical experience Ey offers a theory of human nature that is also influenced by existential philosophy, psychoanalysis and phenomenology. All these disciplines taken together provide a platform for interpreting memory in evolutionary terms. Consciousness is a compound structure that has evolved gradually and at present gives every individual a chance to create a model of a world of his/her own. Memory pays an important role in this endeavour. Memory does not simply retain memories, store them and retrieve. It also involves the ability to control one's time and project one's current experiences on the screen of life plans for the future.

20

INHIBITORY PROCESSES, LEARNING AND MEMORY IN THE MECHANISMS OF ATTENTIONAL SELECTION - THE IMPLICATIONS OF NEGATIVE PRIMING

80%

Kowalczyk M.

Psychologia-Etologia-Genetyka

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2005

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vol. 11

31-63

EN

The author analyses implications of the results of research on negative priming for the theory that attributes this phenomenon to inhibitory mechanisms in selective attention. According to an early inhibitory account of negative priming, the representation of the stimulus ignored or selected against in the prime (preceding) display is actively suppressed, which entails a short-term decrease in the representation's activation level below baseline. As a result, when a response to this stimulus is required in the probe (subsequent) display, accessing the stimulus representation may be more difficult. Contrary to this account, it was found that negative priming may persist for quite a long time and that it depends on the conditions in, and on the broader context of, the probe display in which an earlier distractor appears as the target. These results are congenial with noninhibitory accounts of negative priming, which attribute the effect to a conflict or difficulty arising when on the probe trial an episodic representation of the probe target is retrieved that was established when this stimulus served as a distractor. Following the integrative proposal put forward by Tipper (2001), the author considers modifications the inhibitory account seems to require to accommodate the data indicating that both inhibition and memory processes play a role in negative priming. A basic change is a revision of the assumptions concerning the way the effects of inhibition are carried over from the prime trial to the probe trial. A modified inhibitory account assumes that this transfer involves memory coding (on the prime trial) and retrieval (on the test trial) of inhibitory processes or their effects. It is shown that this modification necessitates a revision of other assumptions of the original inhibitory account, especially those concerning the nature of the representations involved in negative priming and the very concept of inhibition. Taking into account the role learning and memory processes play in selective attention puts the mechanisms of the latter in a new theoretical perspective. The transition is from analysing attentional selection in a narrow focus of the question that concerns how the organism solves a current problem of distinguishing task-relevant stimuli from distractors, to analysing it in a broader context of the issue of how the organism in its interactions with a given environment learns to categorise stimuli as relevant or irrelevant, to represent them in the context of an activity as those that should be attended to and those that should be ignored.

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