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1

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS IN THE FLINT CONCENTRATIONS OF THE JANISLAWICE CULTURE BASED ON THE FLINT ASSEMBLAGES FROM TRENCHES 4 AND 7 OF THE NIEBOROWA I SITE IN SAWIN COMMUNITY, LUBELSKIE VOIVODESHIP

100%
Boron T.
Archeologia Polski
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2004
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vol. 49
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issue 1-2
7-32
EN
The Late Mesolithic flint assemblages, which were the object of detailed spatial studies, were selected from the material originating from trenches 4 and 7 of the site Nieborowa I in Lubelskie voivodeship. There they formed small compact flint concentrations measuring 4-5 m in diameter. These assemblages are numbered among the non-trapezoid classic assemblages of the Janislawice culture dated on typological grounds to the sixth millennium BC. To study the spatial patterns, it was necessary to map the occurrence of semi-processed blades and flakes as well as of chips. A detailed planigraphy of the spatial distribution of tools and waste from their production was prepared, including refittings of modifications. Various areas of activity were distinguished in consequence: a concentration of production waste (flint knapping area) and two concentrations of tools, one in the north and the other in the south (areas of household activity). In the flint-knapping area, apart from products of core exploitation, two sets of microburins were noted, relative to two separate areas of points manufacture, as indicated by the refittings of points on microburins or the microburins themselves. Two separate areas of microlithic production pointed to the existence of two separate, but parallel series of blade exploitation. The features distinguishing areas of household activity from the flint-knapping area include fireplaces (flint concentration A in trench 4) and the scattering of tools over an area of a few dozen square meters, as a result of which they do not form compact concentrations. Also the count of these tools (points, for example) is considerably bigger as compared to that from the flint-knapping area; this is undoubtedly due to their being used and modified. Further, the refitting lines which do not connect the individual tool concentrations would also suggest that we are dealing with two separate settlement events. The chronological relation between the areas of household activity remains to be determined. Sites of Maglemose culture and the Mesolithic site of Mokracz investigated by E. Niesiolowska-Sreniowska have been interpreted on the grounds of a spatial analysis as base amps inhabited by two families concurrently. It seems that the Nieborowa site represents a similar model of social structure. The respective figures present an interpretation of the spatial organization of Janislawice-culture base camps. The spatial pattern repeatability was determined for the flint concentrations analyzed in trenches 4 and 7 on the Nieborowa I site. The model is characterized by the co-occurrence of two areas of household activity, represented by tool concentrations, and separated by a flint-knapping area. It would suggest that each time around the social groups in question organized space inside their base camps in much the same way.
2

MARIA CHMIELEWSKA - FIFTY SIX YEARS OF RESEARCH (Maria Chmielewska - w piecdziesiecioszesciolecie pracy naukowej)

100%
Schild R.
Archeologia Polski
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2009
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vol. 54
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issue 2
179-182
EN
Ever since the author took an interest in the Stone Age he was aware that modern research on the Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Poland is linked with Maria Chmielewska and her husband Waldemar. Few of today's researchers are conscious of the gap that existed at the time in research on the Paleolithic. In the early 1950s there were only four people working in the field: Stefan Krukowski, Ludwik Sawicki, Maria and Waldemar who embarked on their first fieldwork on a Mesolithic site in Konin in 1950. Maria's first publication concerning the Mesolithic (1954) was a monograph of a Late Mesolithic grave in Janislawice near Skierniewice. It is still considered a milestone of research on the Mesolithic in Poland. It was also a signal that here was a researcher worth taking note of. In 1955 Maria and her husband undertook the exploration of a dune site at Witów near Leczyca. This breakthrough work in European archaeology of the late Stone Age, combining comprehensive archaeological excavations and paleoenvironmental research on dunes and connected peat bogs, lasted through 1963. For the first time on a site in the European Plain, perfect microstratigraphic, geomorphological and palynological analyses, added to radiocarbon dating, provided data for a chronological and environmental positioning of cultural units from the end of the Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene in Poland. The Terminal Paleolithic remained a focus of Maria Chmielewska's research for many years despite serious eyesight problems. She stands behind the initiation of excavations at Cichmiana (1952), one of the most interesting sites on the European Plain, as well as Ruska Skala (1952-1954) and Katarzynów (1960-1962). A monograph (which was at the same time her habilitation thesis): 'The Late Palaeolithic in the Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal streamway' (Wroclaw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdansk 1978), a book whose impact on studies of the Stone Age in Poland cannot be exaggerated. Most of her long involvement in scientific research Maria Chmielewska spent in the Institute of the History of Material Culture (from 1992 the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology) of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where she worked from 1956 until the end of 1990. In 1963-1964 we both excavated at Arkin in northern Sudan within the framework of the Combined Prehistoric Expedition and the Nubian Salvage Campaign of UNESCO and in 1971 and 1972 during excavations for the chocolate flint mining research program. It was for this program that Marysia directed the explorations of an Early Bronze Age mining site at Polany near Wierzbica. Her retirement in 1990 did not severe her ties with the Institute. She has remained active, producing jointly with Hanna Wieckowska a hugely important publication of the final results of excavations on a Mesolithic site at Luta in the western Polesie region (H. Wieckowska, M. Chmielewska, The Mesolithic settlement in the Luta microregion, Lublin voivodeship. Materials, Warszawa 2007). Fig. 1.
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MESOLITHIC SITE FROM THE BOREAL PERIOD IN KRZYZ WIELKOPOLSKI (Stanowisko mezolityczne z okresu borealnego w Krzyzu Wielkopolskim)

100%
Kabacinski J., David É., Makowiecki D., Schild R., Sobkowiak-Tabaka I., Winiarska-Kabacinska M.
Archeologia Polski
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2008
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vol. 53
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issue 2
245-289
EN
Site 7, situated at the northern edge of a marginal stream valley of the Notec river, some 500 m east of where the Drawa flows into the Notec, was discovered accidentally in 2003. During excavation (2005-2007) altogether 77 square meters were explored, but a site or sites are extended over an area of about 1 ha. Mesolithic material is found in layers of sand soil developed within the top of Late Glacial sands forming the flood terrace of the Notec and associated coastal and biogenic sediments of the Early Holocene Notec dead channel. The finds include flint artifacts as well as tools made of organic materials, that is, bone and antler, and waste from the manufacture of the latter. The lithics (7700 pieces) were made of a locally available erratic Baltic Cretaceous flint only and their chacteristics place the site with the Maglemosian complex. Traseological analysis of revealed that 28 tools were used for processing: antler, bone and wood. The objects originated from two separate stratigraphic contexts: 1/ the terrace surface encompassing a poorly developed, anthropogenically disturbed, sandy soil and its illuvia; 2/ sands intercalated with laminae and thicker layers of detritus gyttja. The absolute chronology, based on five accelerator radiocarbon analyses made by the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory, indicate a relatively condensed 150 years of Mesolithic occupation on the site, falling in the younger Boreal period, that is, c. 7740-7530 cal. B.C. About the middle of the 9th millennium cal. B.C., the north of Europe was divided into two areas in terms of bone tool production techniques. The 'Maglemosian' tradition was connected with northwestern Europe, while in the northeastern parts of the continent, in the circum-Baltic area, a tradition connected with Kunda culture was identified. The regions characterized by these separate traditions were distinguished on the grounds of an examination of bone and antler tool production evidence coming from secure archeological contexts. The borderline between the two provinces runs from the Oresund strait in the north to the Vistula at the southern edge of the European Plain. Interestingly, no production waste related to hammer adzes from auroch metapodials so characteristic of the Maglemosian zone, has been noted in the transition zone. This could be evidence of a barter trade in ready Maglemosian tools in regions outside the scope of Maglemosian occupation or else forays by Maglemosian settlers into foreign territories. The latter theory appears more probable for lack of any products of the 'Eastern' tradition this far west, as was the case with the hammer adzes made of auroch metapodials. Reality could well have surpassed our imaginings, as suggested by the hammer adzes which were made of the same skeletal parts of an auroch but using a technique different from that identified as Maglemosian indicating a certain distinctness of the communities from west of the Vistula as compared to other the Maglemosian groups, at least with regard to methods of bone and antler tool production. The research potential of the site, resulting partly from a unique and growing collection of antler and bone tools and production waste, coupled with a developed stratigraphical sequence for a rich and varied Mesolithic occupation, puts the site among the most famous sites from this period located in the European Plain. 28 Figures, 3 Tables.
4
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Zarys sytuacji kulturowej w okresie mezolitu i we wczesnym neolicie na terenie Indii

88%
Sosnowska H.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2010
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vol. 5
95-139
EN
Despite the fact that there are no clearly distinguished archaeological units within Indian Mesolithic, one can observe certain cultural trends in regions similar in terms of climate and environment. Tool microlithization was often, although not always, a typical feature of Indian Mesolithic assemblages. Similarly with the previous period, Neolithic developed at a different time and took form in particular areas.
5

CONTRIBUTION TO THE MESOLITHIC IN THE SLOVAK CARPATHIANS

75%
Valde-Nowak P., Sojak M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
1-12
EN
This report evaluates the Middle Stone Age penetration in the area of Northern Slovakia from the point of view of past research as well as in the light of results of two test excavations on the southern slope of the Tatra Mountains. Information's about the Mesolithic settlements in Slovakia are random. They are related mainly to areas of southern edge of the Carpathians in the vicinity of upper Hornad river basin and Danube river plain. In this context assumption concerning the existence of Mesolithic also in northern Slovakia, specifically at the foot of the Tatra Mountains, should be remembered. In August 2007 the small scale excavation took place on two sites, selected for testing after repeated previous surveys, situated about 2.5 km north-west from the city centre of Spisska Bela. The first one is destroyed as a result of multi-annual, deeply ploughed and drainage works. The second one produced small inventory in the stratigraphic position. Among tools trapezium and middle part of unidentified microliths should be exposed, both made of Cracow-Jurassic flint. Also the first data concerning Mesolithic settlement in the northern zone of the Tatra Mountains are remembered in the paper. They were described from Middle Beskydy Range. Some elements of Chojnice-Pienki or Janislawice culture are discussed in the text. Two excavated Slovakian sites are evidence of human residence of late Mesolithic groups in the sub-Tatra area during the Atlantic period. Attention should be paid to the immediate proximity of the described Mesolithic sites, situated not far from the village of early Neolithic Linear Pottery Culture (Linearbandkeramik) from the music note phase and Bukk culture and the Spisska Bela 'Kahlenberg' position. We can expose the lack of the oldest phase of band pottery culture in the Poprad Valley and upper Hornad basin. The mountainous territories of Western Carpathians are non questionable domain of the Mesolithic man at least from the beginning of Atlanticum. The good orientation in local beds of silica rocks - radiolarite, Mikuszowice hornstone suggests, that Mesolithic groups in this zone existed not only episodically.
6
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Początki ciałopalenia na obszarze Europy

75%
Gil-Drozd A.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2010
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vol. 5
9-94
EN
The issue of the origin of cremation is a very interesting and complex problem. The primary question is, why did people begin burning their dead, but also where and when did the first cremation burials appear? This article discusses the state of research into the causes of the emergence of cremation and shows the finds of the oldest known cremation burials in Europe. The source material presented demonstrates that the oldest, irregular forms of cremation rites occurred as early as in the Mesolithic, both in North-West and Southern Europe. In the Early Neolithic period, we can observe the evolution and stabilisation of the cremation funerary rite, which is visible in biritual cemeteries in the area of West and Central Europe. This situation leads to the conclusion that the tradition of cremation was developing independently in two distinct parts of the continent – in the north-west as well as in the south, and that cremation burials are not merely an exception in the Neolithic funerary rite.
7
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PRÍSPEVOK K NOVÝM PRAVEKÝM NÁLEZOM ZO SPIŠA

63%
Soják M.
Študijné zvesti
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2015
|
issue 57
141 - 166
EN
The analysis of remarkable finds from the selected sites of Spiš, monitored within the framework of the EU Structural Funds, operational programme Research and Development. From Poprad-Matejovce (Zadné rovne) comes Mousterian point made of the original Levallois radiolarite point. Typologically, it belongs to the Middle Paleolithic. The Štrba (Za Kolombiarkom) site is known for 12 pieces of chipped stone industry from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian) and Mesolithic. A unique value can be attributed to the quartz porphyry of Hungarian origin (Bükk Mountains). Three artefacts from the assumed Epipaleolithic were found in Lučivná (Roveň). In the Spišské Vlachy (Plantal) site it is especially a penknife left backed point made of obsidian, belonging to the Epipaleolithic – t he Federmesser or Witów group. Other artefacts are Mesolithic, the obsidian arrow head comes from the Eneolithic. In the Doľany site (Pod Brusníkom) a clay anthropomorphic plastic art from the Middle Neolithic was found. An Eneolithic stone hammer-axe from the Spišský Hrušov – Vítkovce (Medza) site is a rare find. The torso of a clay anthropomorphic idol from Veľká Lomnica (Burchbrich) is related to the Ottoman-Füzesabony Culture, documented in a hill-top site. An incomplete decorated bronze diadem of the Istebné type was obtained from the Kežmarok (Jeruzalemský vrch) site. In addition to Istebné in Orava, analogical diadems are spread in other Slovak regions (Turiec, Gemer), where they are related to the late Hallstatt Orava group of Lausitz Culture. The dating of the diadems of this type is different for individual authors, fluctuating between the HB to HD stages.
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