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INTERNAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - TO BE ANALYSED JOINTLY OR SEPARATELY?

100%
Janicki W.
Studia Demograficzne
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2006
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issue 2(150)
66-77
EN
The article attempts to evaluate the rationale, for a joint or separate analysis of both types of migration in the European Union. First the author examines different types of migration barriers, reaching the conclusion, that since the countries' policies regulate the possibility of border crossing for its' own citizens and for foreigners, therefore in the international migration analysis the economic, social and psychological barriers are secondary to administrative and -political barriers. Next, the author discusses the ongoing integration process of EU countries in the area of standardization of both internal and international migration, in the context of legal regulations and their practical effects on the population flows between the EU countries. He concedes that, internal and international migrations within the EU may be treated with identical principles and analysed jointly. The following review of migration studies, supports further the view, that a dogmatic clinging to the distinction between internal and international migrations is in many cases unjustified. The author, however, does not rule out the possibility of the existence of such areas of migration research, in which separate examination of both migration categories makes sense, with regard to the existence of important institutional and political barriers.
2
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KRITICKÝ POHLED NA BEZPEČNOSTNÍ DISKURS MIGRACE

100%
Kostlán D.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2014
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vol. 46
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issue 4
393 – 411
EN
Securitization discourse on migration became one of the leading perspectives of the interpretation in political science how the national state has been dealing with the high numbers of immigrants in the last two decades. It views immigration as a threat to the nation-state because of inflow of unknown or unrecognised. This article's main contribution is a systematic discussion on migration policies reflected by social theorists with a special attention paid to the concept of security in migration theory. Inspired by post-structuralise approach, author argues that migration theories became highly influenced by public and media discourse that reproduce knowledge on dominant social groups in the nation-state.
3
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„Českoslovenství“ na konci světa: krajané na Tasmánii

100%
Brouček S.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2013
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vol. 23
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issue 4
241 – 253
EN
Based on written materials, interviews and exiting literature, the study reveals the process of “experienced Czechoslovakism”with Czech and Slovak immigrants in Tasmania, who have immigrated since the 1950s until now. The study proceeds on two factors that influence their adaptation. The first one was the experience of a specific transfer, actually a repeated flight (especially with those who emigrated after 1948). The other factor consisted in the changing migration policy in Australia. The time and the problem relates to basic parameters of their new existence, which they understand as a space for self-expression. The experienced Czechoslovakism was implemented in the sense of the citizenship that was taken away of them, but to which they claimed their allegiance. This is a slight paradox, i.e. what they in fact did not have (the Czechoslovak citizenship) became their mutual bonds. When returning to their original homeland (after 1989), however, they found out that especially the quality of interpersonal relations both in the Czech Lands and in Slovakia did not correspond to the standards they got used to, and they perceived and practised in Tasmanian environment. This fact led the most of them to a more conscious identification with their new home in Tasmania and upset their intention to reemigrate back to Bohemia, Moravia or Slovakia.
4
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Challenges Facing Modern Social Policy

100%
Salustowicz P.
Polityka Społeczna
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2006
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vol. 33
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issue 10(391)
1-10
EN
The paper concerns the question of the challenges with which the current welfare policy, primarily in Poland, but also in other European countries, has been faced. There are two very urgent social questions needing a response of welfare policy. First: demographic changes, labour-market segmentation and structural unemployment. The predicted negative consequences of the change of the age-groups structure in the near future require the welfare policy to search for efficient measures responding to this change. There are three directions of reaction of welfare policy: (1) an increase in of family protection and support; (2) a new migration policy; (3) a larger and better integration of workers agedg over 50 on labour-market. The second urgent social question is the growth of work precarity and structural unemployment. Both have a dysfunctional impact on individuals and on society. The paper draws special attention to the relationship between the structural unemployment and informal and illegal activities. It concludes that the large extent of undeclared work in Poland deserves much more attention of welfare policy than it does nowadays.
5
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ON SOME ASPECTS OF LABOUR MIGRATION TO NORWAY (Problemy migracji zarobkowych do Norwegii)

100%
Aniol W.
Polityka Społeczna
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2009
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vol. 36
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issue 5-6(422-423)
23-28
EN
Norway has experience of labour migration in a longer historical perspective, particularly in connection with the large-scale emigration to North America until the First World War. This article argues that in recent years labour migration to Norway has increased significantly and has become the most important reason for immigration. The process is beneficial since migrant workers help meeting demand for labour, and thereby also contribute to economic growth, to unblocking bottlenecks in the labour market and to curbing price and costs increases. At the same time, the Norwegian Government and trade unions focus on preventing labour migration from resulting in a dualisation of the labour market, with the creation of a separate segment for foreign labour with terms and standards that are significantly inferior to those applicable to other workers. This applies especially to the so-called posted workers who are in Norway on short-term contracts. Since May 2004 Norway has received a large number of labour migrants from the new European Union countries, mostly from Poland. In 2007, about nine out of every ten permits to labour migrants were granted to persons from the European Economic Area (EEA), while Nordic citizens do not require any permits. In turn, the main emphasis in the regulation of labour migration from third countries is on facilitating the recruitment of skilled labour. The main aim of the proposals presented in April 2008 to the Storting by the Government in the White Paper on labour migration is to contribute to a migration policy that is flexible, more transparent and predictable for all involved parties.
6
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Comments on job migration from Poland

100%
Zoledowski C.
Polityka Społeczna
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2007
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vol. 34
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issue 5-6(398-399)
1-3
EN
Job migration and re-emigration are the most important problems of Polish migration policy. Social and economic assessment of their results should take into account the previously established mechanisms of job resources usage in Poland, which are disadvantageous and push many people to leave the job market lowering job activity. Slowing down reforms lengthening factual time of employment, increasing activity of the unemployed, and speeding up the flow of rural population to out-agricultural jobs makes job emigration a serious factor causing financial problems of social security institutions. It also causes the deficit of qualified workers on the home market. The activities aiming at decreasing the costs of creating new work places and eliminating the differences in attractiveness between home and foreign job markets are the conditions of limiting such a large scale of job emigration and encouraging the emigrants to return home
7
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PERSPEKTÍVY FORMOVANIA SPOLOČNEJ MIGRAČNEJ POLITIKY EURÓPSKEJ ÚNIE

100%
Žac M.
Annales Scientia Politica
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2021
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vol. 10
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issue 1
41 – 52
EN
The outbreak of the migration crisis in the European Union in 2015 and the mismatch between the European Union's expectations and its ability to solve the problems connected with the migration issue has initiated a process of questioning the legitimacy and confidence in the common European project. Global changes, caused by various factors, have raised security concerns and questions at the national and European levels of how European states should face global challenges and how the European Union should look like. The issue of migration policy has given rise to a dispute between the Member States of the European Union, which has seriously jeopardized the Union's internal political stability, and which persists to this day. The aim of this paper is to propose possible solutions and recommendations in the field of European Union migration policy based on an analysis of the European Union measures in the field of migration and on the basis of an analysis of current and future global trends.
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POLITYKA UCHODŹCZA W POLSCE. EWOLUCJA „POLA UCHODŹCZEGO” W LATACH 1990 – 2011

100%
Łodziński S., Szonert M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2011
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vol. 37
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issue 4(142)
165-188
EN
The article attempts to analyse the challenges facing Polish state migration policy regarding of persons trying to obtain refugee status. We use the metaphor „refugee field,” and focus both on the evolution of the refugee policy and the problems it may face in the near future. We discuss successively: changes in refugee movements the development and differentiation of relevant laws, the transformation of administrative structures dealing with these issues, as well as attitudes to the refugee theme in Polish public opinion. We attempt to demonstrate that the evolution of administrative and legal provisions for the protection of refugees (or „refugee field”) during the last two decades reveals tensions between the internationalization and adoption (transposition) of European solutions and the need to adapt them to Poland’s administrative conditions and geopolitical situation. The challenges faced by institutions dealing with these issues – and particularly state institutions (Office for Foreigners) – are in the short term related to legal and institutional changes (especially the new Aliens Act), and in the long run to the changing global trends in refugee movements, and Poland’s increasing role as an immigration country. The very specific problems arising in „the refugee field” (and in the migration policy) are difficult to predict and they will always show tensions between legal and humanitarian procedures, owing to the specifi c, individual life situations of refugee candidates.
9
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MIGRACJE W ANALIZIE POLITOLOGICZNEJ - NIEWYKORZYSTANY POTENCJAŁ

100%
Lesińska M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2012
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vol. 38
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issue 2(144)
207-244
EN
The article attempts to summarize the methods, approaches and analytical framework used in the discipline of migration studies and political science. The main thesis developed in the text refers to the great potential of political analysis which is unused by migration researchers in Poland. The main questions put in the article are as follows: what issues related to migration processes should be a subject of special interest of political scientists in Poland?What approaches and research methods used in modern political analysis seem to be the most promising in the migration studies? What new trends and fields evolve which combine both disciplines of migration studies and political sciences? The article portraits the potential of modern political analysis in migration studies and formulates the postulate of continuous intentional interdisciplinary approach.
10
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O RELACJI MIĘDZY SYSTEMOWYM A SPOŁECZNYM OBLICZEM KSENOFOBII W POLSCE

88%
Bulandra A., Kościółek J.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 4(154)
75-94
EN
This article concentrates on the socio-political situation of foreigners migrating to Poland and on the social climate related to their presence. In the latter subject special emphasis will be put on the attitude of Poles towards emigrants. We point to the relations which develop between institutionalized xenophobia, i.e. the creation of administrative barriers for mobility, and the distrust Poles present towards foreigners. The research problem is defined broadly as it encompasses a historical analysis of the perception of the notion of migration, the cultural meaning of migration, and legal issues pertaining to controlling international mobility. Based on numerous research projects, reports and case studies we recognize the mechanisms which inhibit the development of space for ethnic diversity in Poland and limit the contemporary society’s openness towards the settlement of foreigners.
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POLITYKA SPOŁECZNA W POLSCE WOBEC WSPÓŁCZESNYCH PROCESÓW MIGRACYJNYCH. PRÓBA DIAGNOZY I REKOMENDACJE

88%
Firlit-Fesnak G.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2013
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vol. 39
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issue 3(149)
19-36
EN
The paper aims at analysing the relation between the model of social policy implemented in Poland after 1989 and the scale and structure of migration processes. The statistical data analysed in the paper show the impact of the deficit of good jobs, weakening protection of workers' rights, and low levels of social security in Poland on the post-accession emigration of Poles. The paper has tried to challenge the strategy implemented in Poland after 2004, which is based on compensating for the effects of emigration of young and well-educated Poles with the influx of foreign workers. It has been also emphasized that social policy instruments towards immigration and immigrants tend to be one-sided, as they focus on the labour market needs and do not provide enough support for the process of adaptation and integration of immigrants in Poland. Moreover, a verification of the assumptions of the governmental document "Migration policy of Poland” (2012) has been suggested, i.e. taking into account the negative effects of the post-accession economic emigration and recognizing the issue of contemporary Polish emigration as an important area of Poland’s migration policy. Finally, the paper has outlined the role of social policy in stimulating migration processes in accordance with the principle of protection of native human capital, the needs of the economy, and the Polish raison d'etat. It has also identified spheres of social policy development which are necessary to achieve this objective.
12
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DISCRIMINATORY MIGRATION POLICY? AN ACCESS TO EDUCATION SYSTEM FOR MIGRANT CHILDREN IN POLAND

88%
Łukasiewicz K., Grzymała-Moszczyńska J.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 3(153)
375-390
EN
The article aims at analyzing Polish migration policy and in particular, an access to education system for children migrants in refugee centers and detention centers. In recent years, much has been written about Polish migration policy (e.g., Kicinger 2009; Górny, Grabowska-Lusińska, Lesińska, Okólski 2011; Kicinger Koryś 2011, Okólski 2012) as well as the education of migrant children in Poland. While the former approach has been developed in academia and framed in public policy analysis, the latter has been developed by NGOs, the Ministry of the Interior and Ombudsman Office, and from results of monitoring of refugee centers and detention centers. The two fields rarely meet - therefore, this article addresses this gap by embedding the analysis of educational access for migrant children in a broader context of migration policy, and argues that the existing policy actually results in direct and indirect discrimination of migrant children. Access to education is either strictly limited (in case of detention centers) or hindered (children in refugee centers). Lack of systematic approach to education for children migrants reflects in lack of training for teachers to teach Polish as a foreign language, lack of multicultural training, even if there are some specific tools such as multicultural assistants, they are rarely used because the need is not recognized by local administration. We recognize positive impact of different social actors to introduce changes in the system. The actors are nongovernmental organization assisting migrants and researchers and academics analyzing Polish migration policy. Nevertheless, we argue that the problems faced by migrant children within Polish education system can only be solved by introducing systematic approach to Polish migration policy.
13
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POLITICAL SCIENCE AND MIGRATION POLICY: THE ANALYSIS OF POLICY CHANGE

88%
Radomska M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2012
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vol. 38
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issue 2(144)
187-206
XX
Numerous studies have been devoted to the analysis of the migration policy of the Polish state. However, the majority of them have focused on the normative analysis of its development without looking at its dynamic and examining it within the theoretical framework of political science. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to overview the available analytical tools which might be useful when characterizing and evaluating the development, directions and aims of the migration policy of the state. Appliance of the proposed analytical tools in the empirical research on the Polish migration policy would enable conceptualization of its dynamic, as well as allow conducting comparative studies.
14
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IMITACJA W TWORZENIU POLSKIEJ POLITYKI INTEGRACJI CUDZOZIEMCÓW

75%
Pawlak M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2013
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vol. 39
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issue 3(149)
97-122
EN
In this paper I analyze the materialization and public debate over the “Polish Migration Policy – current stage and the recommended actions” document, and the parts regarding the integration of immigrants in particular. I apply a neoinstitutional theoretical framework which allows me to conceptualize the mechanisms of the Europeanization process, and show that the integration policy is mainly developed by imitating the instruments promoted by the European Commission. I study imitation by applying the notions of translation and editing. This allows me to understand how the imitated model is adapted in the local context. The non-governmental organizations which commented on the document perceived the European model as suited for imitation. The public debate over the “Migration Policy of Poland” contributed to further strengthening and adaptation of the imitated model.
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MIASTO-PAŃSTWO WOBEC MIGRANTÓW. POCZĄTKI POLITYKI MIGRACYJNEJ – PRZYCZYNEK DO DZIEJÓW REFLEKSJI NAD REAKCJĄ PAŃSTWA WOBEC ZJAWISK MIGRACYJNYCH

63%
Szonert M.
Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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2016
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vol. 42
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issue 3 (161)
125-147
PL
Artykuł stanowi analizę pierwszej znanej całościowej koncepcji polityki migracyjnej, wchodzącej w skład projektu państwa, opisanego przez Platona w „Prawach”. Zwrócono uwagę na kompleksowe ujęcie tej polityki, na adresowanie jej rozstrzygnięć do wszystkich definiowanych ówcześnie zjawisk migracyjnych, na różnorodność proponowanych rozwiązań. Artykuł podkreśla podobieństwa między problematyką projektu polityki migracyjnej, opisanej przez Platona, a strukturą współczesnych polityk migracyjnych. Zwraca uwagę na istotną cechę projektu platońskiego: polityka migracyjna Platona nie jest polityką samoistną; nie ma celów własnych a jest służebna w odniesieniu do celu wobec niej zewnętrznego, tj. utrzymania spoistości społecznej w formule starożytnego miasta-państwa. Takie ujęcie polityki migracyjnej pozwala na zaprojektowanie jej struktury z logiczną konsekwencją. Artykuł kończy się sugestią poszukiwania ogólnej formuły organizacyjnej także i dla polityk migracyjnych projektowanych współcześnie.
EN
The article provides an analysis of the first known comprehensive concept of a migration policy contained in the design of a state, described by Plato in the “Laws”. The author pays attention to the all-encompassing character of the policy, the solutions of which addressed all migratory phenomena defined at the time of Plato. The article highlights thesimilarities between the issues of migration policy, as described by Plato, and the structure of contemporary migration policies. The article also emphasizes one important feature of Plato’s concept: that a migration policy is not an independent policy, but rather one which serves a purpose external to it, specifically the maintenance of social cohesion in the framework of the functioning of an ancient city-state. Such an approach to migration policy allows to design its structure with logical consequences. The article concludes with a suggestion to design contemporary migration policies with the consciousness of what such policies are really for, i.e. what is (should be) their external purpose.
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