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1

The maximum of the life expectancy - an overview of demographic publications

100%
Szukalski P.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2004
|
issue 1(145)
3-23
EN
The existence of the upper bound of the life expectancy is still a subject of lively discussion among researchers of different disciplines (demography, actuary, genetics, biometrics, etc.). The article presents arguments for and against the existence of such maximum, and opinions concerning its value.The discussion of advantages and disadvantages of the life expectancy as a proper parameter to be used opens the paper with an emphasis on some interpretative possibilities and limitations when referring to the period and cohort life tables. Syntheses of theoretic discussions on the upper bound of longevity and estimates of it, formulated in the past, constitute two consecutive parts. Considerations on these theoretic concepts and past estimates give the impression how strongly conclusions concerning the expected maximum life expectancy are based on intuition rather than on solid scientific grounds. Improvements in mortality usually progresses faster than scientists' expectations. Currently, experts' opinions and future estimates imply that the life expectancy of 85 years for both sexes together will be exceeded up till 2050. It will question many predictions concerning mortality, and possibly give way to the new ones. The paper concludes that it seems to be better to formulate predictions concerning future trends in the life expectancy rather than make fundamental quantitative statements about its value. It is also suggested that possibly it is not the maximum life expectancy that should be considered. Maybe, it is more important to ask, whether the further lengthening of life will be accompanied by improvement of health among the old and the increase in the disability-free age.
2

CHANGES OF MORTALITY IN POLAND, IN THE YEARS 1988-2004, IN THE LIGHT OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION

80%
Podrazka-Malka A.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2006
|
issue 2(150)
3-65
EN
Changes in mortality, observed in Poland in the years 1988-2004, are analysed in the light of the epidemiological transition i.e. the study focuses on symptoms, characteristic for the fourth phase, and concentrates on mortality patterns by age, sex and selected causes of death (cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, external causes of death, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases and infections and parasitic diseases). The data comes from the current mortality statistics and life tables, both prepared by the Central Statistical Office. In 1988-1991 disadvantageous trends in mortality carried on, i.e. the health crisis in Poland still persisted. Improvements in mortality, observed since 1992, confirm the hypothesis that in the years 1992-2004 the third phase of the epidemiological transition in Poland came to an end and the age of delayed degenerative diseases started. Mortality changes characteristic for the forth phase of the epidemiological transition in Poland were as follows: decreases in overall mortality, which resulted in the systematically increasing life expectancy at birth; declining mortality rates almost at all ages, especially at working-age, a remarkable decrease of infant mortality, a still persisting gender gap in mortality and an increasing excess in male mortality at age 20-39; remarkable decreases in mortality from cardiovascular diseases combined with a differentiation of death rates by selected malignant neoplasms, decreasing male mortality from external causes, and increasing female mortality from respiratory diseases. Besides a detailed description of changes in mortality, in the light of the epidemiological transition, the article also presents an attempt to identify their determinants. The approach applied, is based on a conceptual framework of health domains. To explain decreases in mortality, factors related to individual behaviour, environment and health care are discussed. Undoubtedly, crucial determinants of mortality improvements in Poland are, on one hand, a strong promotion of a healthy life style and increasing knowledge of health risks, remarkable diet changes, curbed smoking, and appreciation of the role of physical activity, and on the other hand improvements in medical treatment in terms of technologies, the availability of medicines and their quality. Especially, the progress in cardiology and cardio-surgery along with changes in life styles, contributed to the mortality declines due to circulatory diseases. Also, during the period of transformation, Poland experienced positive changes, in the broadly defined environment - a remarkable reduction of environment pollution might be attributed to changes in economy (collapse of heavy industry and declines in the traditional branches of industry, the shift to modern technologies in manufacturing, development of services), and to the implementation of regulations and procedures in the area of environmental protection, accompanied by promotion of environment friendly behaviour.
3

Evaluation of effects of fertility and mortality changes under the socio-economic transformation in Poland

80%
Kurkiewicz J., Stanowski M., Wegrzyn D.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2004
|
issue 1(145)
25-54
EN
The population structures and demographic processes and their interrelations are considered as the main determinants of future developments of the population. This study evaluates the influence of mortality and fertility changes on the population structure by age and sex in Poland in the period of socio-economic transformation. The different impact for the urban and rural populations is also taken into account. In the 1990s, the radical changes of fertility and family pattern took place, similar to those observed in the developed countries since the 1960s and called 'the second demographic transition'. However, due to different economic setting, changes in Poland had their particular characteristics and dynamics. Between 1990 and 2000 number of people in Poland rose slightly (by about 464 thousands). In these years positive trends in mortality were observed, concerning adult and older people as well as infants, which resulted in the extended life expectancy. In the same time, number of births was constantly declining and fertility went down. Population ageing was progressing. Projections of the population in Poland with the cohort-component method revealed that without improvement in mortality the increase of population would be smaller by 60 thousands of people. The greater increase was possible due to decline in mortality of men but the projected number of women in 2000 was also greater than observed. The residents of cities benefited more from the decline in mortality than the rural population. The most influenced by the mortality decline were children aged 0-10 years, men in age groups 45-55 and older people of both sexes (60-84). No increase was observed in the oldest age group (85+). Distributions of gaining and losing age groups were different for urban and rural areas. Improvements in mortality hardly influenced population ageing. With the constant mortality at the level of 1990, ageing at the bottom of the age pyramid would be faster than it was observed. Greater projected number of births than observed was the straightforward result of the fertility decline. The differences in the observed and projected numbers of births went up with time. The fertility decrease in the period under study contributed to population ageing, especially at the bottom of the age pyramid. Indirectly, it also influenced the structure at the top. Since the analysis was based on period measures, one can expect that the cohort fertility will be higher than the level shown by period rates. There are indications that a decline in fertility are mostly the result of postponing births rather than an established pattern of childlessness.
4
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Analiza porównawcza wpływu zmian płodności i umieralności na starzenie się ludności w Polsce

80%
Szklarska M., Najman P.
Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
|
2011
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vol. 2
|
issue 3
83-97
EN
The aim of the study is to compare the effect of changes in fertility and mortality on population aging in Poland by provinces. The following hypotheses were verified:(1) the main factor affecting the aging of the population in Poland is the decline of fertility, (2) lengthening of life expectancy of elderly people has a weaker effect, due to the lower rate of decline of mortality in this population, (3) aging of the population in Poland varies depending on the place of residence. To verify these assumptions, considered two types of scenarios. The first one shows the evolution of population structure, individual regions, assuming a constant level of fertility, which are assigned to hypothetical changes in mortality. In the second indicated how changes in population structure, with varying fertility attributed to a constant level of mortality.
5

MORTALITY INEQUALITY IN THE EU COUNTRIES (Nierownosc wobec smierci w krajach Unii Europejskiej)

80%
Kuropka I.
Nauki Społeczne
|
2011
|
issue 1(3)
68-84
EN
The article contains the results of the analysis of EU inhabitants life expectancy differentiation. The main objective of the organization is the quality of life constant improvement and life standard increase of inhabitants of the least developed countries. Among other things the effect of activities in this area should be mortality gap decrease among countries. Mortality level is a result of health state. The article presents the results of synthetic assessment of health state of EU inhabitants. For this particular reason indicators describing two groups of health state were used: life style and health care. It occurred that the worst health state is in the former Soviet Union countries where the life expectancy is relatively short. Life style change seems to be the best solution for the improvement in this area.
6

EXISTENTIAL EXPERIENCE OF ONE'S OWN DEATH OR THE 'DISPUTE' OF M. HEIDEGGER AND E.LEVINAS IN THE EYES OF EVERYMAN

80%
Budriunaité A.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2007
|
vol. 62
|
issue 8
704-733
EN
The aim of the article is to investigate the relationship between the consciousness of one's own death, of the death of others, as well as the mode of existence which is commonly called authentic in the existential philosophy. The core of the investigation is the 'dispute' of Martin Heidegger and Emanuel Levinas concerning death, which is complemented by the insights of other philosophers and psychologists. The attention is paid to common people's attitudes towards death and mortality rather than to pure theoretical considerations. Everyman is understood as that side of all of us, which does not aim at an intense cogitation and self-reflection. The questions of personal and impersonal attitudes towards death, the fear of death, the otherness of death and the others are the topics discussed in the article together with non-physical aspect of death.
7

VÝVOJ MORTALITY NA SLOVENSKU

80%
Knošková E., Lysý J., Hirjak M., Tulek Milan T.
Sociálno-zdravotnícke spektrum
|
2016
|
vol. 4
|
issue 1
-
EN
Pointers of the mortality belong to the category of the essential indicators, monitor in all countries practically. These pointers are placed in almost each report, analysis or in forecast of various orientations in concern of the regional government’s activities, public health authorities, in cooperation with state authorities. State health policy understands health as a basic human right. It tries to aim all social interests on health in terms of key development factors. Requirement of mutual solidarity, accessibility and equality of every citizen, therefore becomes the starting area.
8

MODELLING OF MORTALITY AMONG PEOPLE OVER 80 YEARS OF AGE

80%
Purzynski J., Gazinska M., Mojsiewicz M.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2005
|
issue 1(147)
30-49
EN
This paper addresses the issue of numeric calculations related to the modelling of the probability of dying within a year among people aged 80 years and over. According to 'The Force of Mortality between the Ages of 80 and 120' (A.R. Thatcher, V. Kannisto, J.W. Vaupel, 1999), the applicability of the following models were analysed: Gompertz, Weibul, Heligman-Pollard, Kannisto, logistic, and Coale-Kisker. After appropriate modification of the formulas, the authors achieved a better goodness of fit for the logistic and the Coale-Kisker models than that reported in the aforementioned publication. A hyperbolic-tangent model was proposed - being an equivalent to the logistic model - and it provides a much better goodness of fit for the empirical data.
9

COMPARISON OF ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY IN LIFELONG ANNUITIES FOR BAYESIAN SINGLE- AND MULTI-POPULATION OLD AGE MORTALITY MODEL

80%
Zimmermann P., Fojtík J., Matějka M., Karel T.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 7
703 – 718
EN
Old age mortality modelling is often associated with lack of reliable data, especially for small populations. We focus on an approach to incorporate information contained in the data from closed populations and study its impact on estimation uncertainty in an old age mortality model. We assume a two-dimensional age cohort extension of the exponential (Gompertz) model. We compare uncertainty of the parameter estimates for two models. The first is a single population model based on data solely from one country. The second is a multi-population model for a sample of populations from the central European region. Bayesian generalized linear model and a hierarchical Bayesian generalized linear model is applied. We quantify the difference in the uncertainty of the estimates of the force of mortality and whole life annuity based on root mean squared error of the predictions for different ages, cohorts and populations.
10

ESTIMATION OF A RELATIVE MORTALITY RISK BY CAUSE OF DEATH: A COMPARISON OF A TRADITIONAL METHOD AND THE EMPIRICAL BAYES APPROACH AS APPLIED TO THE CZECH REPUBLIC, THE NETHERLANDS AND POLAND, 1994-1996

80%
Bijak J.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2005
|
issue 1(147)
3-29
EN
This paper is devoted to the issue of estimation of cause-specific risk of death. The traditional methodology is compared with one based on the empirical Bayes approach to statistical inference. The presentation of both methods and the evaluation of their theoretical properties is illustrated by an empirical example of how they serve to assess the respective situations in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Poland from 1994-1996. The results confirm earlier observations (e.g. Clayton and Kaldor, 1987) that the empirical Bayes estimates of the relative risk of death are less extreme and less dispersed than the traditional epidemiological measures (i.e. Standardized Mortality Ratios). Improvement of accuracy of estimation in the Bayesian approach results from including additional prior information on the phenomena under study. It is argued that due to the aforementioned features, the Bayesian methodology is suitable for the study of small-sample populations, insofar as it provides less extreme and more precise estimates, than the traditional methods. This is an important issue in studies of regional mortality profiles, where insufficient sample size is often a serious problem. At the same time, the philosophy of Bayesian statistics, and particularly the subjective definition of probability, is a natural premise of analysis in the case of mortality research, where the samples of events under study are not repeatable. Therefore, although the Bayesian approach is more complex (both philosophically and procedurally), it constitutes a valuable alternative method of cause-of-death mortality risk evaluation, especially at the regional level, where small samples are considered.
11

MORTALITY IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1970-2003. DECOMPOSITION OF CHANGES IN THE LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

80%
Wroblewska W.
Studia Demograficzne
|
2006
|
issue 1(149)
28-48
EN
Advantageous changes in male and female mortality taken place in Poland since the early 1990s placed the life expectancy of Poles among the highest in the Central and Eastern Europe. However, that indicator is still far behind the European countries which benefit from the highest life expectancies. The life expectancy values in Poland are currently at levels observed in these countries 30 years ago for males and 20 years ago for females. A gender gap in the life expectancy also remains high, especially in the middle-aged population. The method proposed by E.Arriaga (1984) was used to decompose changes in the life expectancy by age in Poland over the subsequent decades from 1970/1971 to 2003. The period before 1989 was used to show differences in mortality changes between these two time intervals. Disadvantageous trends in mortality among middle-aged men had been observed in Poland as early as the mid 1970s. In the recent years (1991-2003), beneficial shifts in mortality were observed in all age groups, resulting in the increase in the life expectancy at birth. Results of the analysis of differences in life expectancies by gender confirmed a significant contribution of the middle-aged groups to the gender gap. Shifts in mortality are more advantageous for women in the older age groups, which may stimulate a further growth in the number of single old women in Poland.
12
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O konieczności śmierci

70%
Ziemiński I.
Filo-Sofija
|
2007
|
vol. 7
|
issue 7
EN
The main problem of the article is the question, if human death is necessary. There are three types of necessity of death: logical necessity, metaphysical necessity and biological necessity. The subject of the article is logical necessity of death. According to the author human death is not necessary, because the sentence “All humans are mortal” is not necessary truth. We can imagine people who will never die, so we cannot say, that mortality is the necessary feature of human beings. Strictly speaking, neither mortality, nor immortality constitute the essence of the human nature.
13

VEDOMIE SMRTEĽNOSTI: INÉ V NÁS?

70%
Čáp J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2011
|
vol. 66
|
issue 4
315-325
EN
The paper deals with the consciousness of mortality as a means of assimilating the radical other (i.e. death) in human life. By introducing the ontological aspects, such as non-functionality, irreversibility, necessity, universality, potentiality and post-mortality, the death and mortality are interpreted with regard to the otherness. The otherness of death is either relative, or absolute. Attention is paid also to the death anxiety. In conclusion the question is asked, whether it is possible to speak meaningfully about death.
14

POVERTY AND MORTALITY UNDER THE DOMINANCE OF TECHNOLOGY

61%
Carbone G.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2023
|
vol. 78
|
issue 2
101 – 114
EN
Relying on Heidegger’s recently issued Black Notebooks, where the “shepherd of being” qua “mortal” is discussed as the “future man”, this paper tackles poverty and mortality, along with their mutual bond, in light of the tension established by Heidegger between Gestell and Ereignis, namely, between the global dominance of technology and the liberation of earth from the despotic dominion of human beings. First, light is cast upon the dominance of technology, which “distorts” the Ereignis of the world, which is yet to arrive, by holding back its very arrival. Second, the focus shifts to the philosophical meaning of poverty, which relies on mortality understood as radical dispossession. Since poverty is the essential feature of the “future man”, the “shepherd of being”, as well as the basis for a different take on our use of technological devices, the innermost link between poverty and technology is also addressed. Furthermore, the comparison with Pope Francis’s two recent encyclicals is established, in order to highlight the specific philosophical meaning conferred to poverty by Heidegger, especially with respect to our behaviour toward technology.
15

THE MAIN CORRELATIONS DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN POPULATION IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN (A Karpat-medencei magyar nepesedesi folyamatokat meghatarozo fobb osszefuggesek)

61%
Toth P. P.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2009
|
vol. 27
|
issue 1
49-71
EN
Up to 1918, the Hungarian population development in the Carpathian-basin was determined by two interrelated and interdependent processes. One component of the process is determined by the fertility level of the Hungarian people, modified continuously by mortality. The other element altering and complementing the effects of (Hungarian) fertility and mortality is an external one, namely, the number of assimilated non-Hungarians (local non-Hungarians or migrants) and their descendants. The collapse of the Hungarian Kingdom and the military and civic casualties of World War I resulted in radical changes also in the Hungarian population development. As a result of this 3.2 million ethnic Hungarians became the citizens of the neighbouring countries without ever changing their residence. On the territory of Hungary with newly set up boundaries, the principles of population development before 1918 were scarcely or not at all functioning, and population replacement from non-Hungarians was not working any more. After these changes the inner migration resulted mainly in territorial reorganization of the population and aims at contributing to the modernization. In the new social standing the role of international migration in population replacement has also changed: Hungary becomes a target country mainly just for Hungarians living outside of its new territory as a result of peace treaties, and this tendency persists up to the present. The present day migrants coming from foreign countries are not increasing the number of the Hungarian population, just enlarge the number of ethnic Hungarians living in the present-day territory of Hungary, and increase also the total population number of Hungary. As a result, there is a speeding up tendency, persisting up to the moment, to be simply characterized by the concentration of Hungarians leaving the neighbouring countries and coming to the current territory of Hungary. Logically, the decrease in the population number of sending communities has accelerated (undermined further by the surplus in mortality and lack of assimilation of non-Hungarians), causing the shrinking of territories inhabited by ethnic Hungarians outside of Hungary, and giving rise to an ethnically more and more homogenous population on the territory of Hungary. In the long run, this can bring about the demographical weakening of ethnic Hungarians living in their ancestral land in eight countries neighbouring Hungary, endangering even their survival.
16

Człowiek w filozofii Martina Heideggera

61%
Drwięga M.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
|
2012
|
vol. 40
|
issue 3
43 - 67
EN
In the paper Human being in the philosophy of Martin Heidegger the author would like to draw readers` attention to the concept of human being in the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. This concept, according to the German philosopher, is crucial for the central theme of his philosophy i.e. the problem of being. As far as the human being is concerned, one can find some points of reference in the analysis. The first is connected with the ontological dimension of human existence and such elements as: its mortality and finitude analysed by Heidegger in Kant and the problem of metaphysics; the second focuses on the difference between man and animal in the texts Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik and Lettre on Humanism; the third has in the center the problem of subjectivity considered by Heidegger in Nietzsche. The concept of human being appears against such a background.
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