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EN
The article deals with the changing customs connected with the phenomenon of death that has been understood and experienced in a different way in traditional, modern and post-modern society. Today these changes appear in a new context - the Internet. Like many issues important to every individual, the subject of death has got many virtual representations. The authoresses have confined their analysis to three aspects of the presence of this issue on the Internet, and three types of Internet sites. They focus on: a/ the blog of a man dying from cancer, that is on the experience of dying in the virtual presence of others; b/ the assistance and emotional support given by Internet groups to parents in the critical situation of their child's death; and c/ the virtual cemetery as a way of commemorating our nearest and dearest. The examples under discussion show that the need for finding consolation after the death of a close person has not changed over the ages and the Internet only provides other forms of its satisfaction.
EN
This article is based on the hypothesis that Catherine Mavrikakis’s debut novel Deuils cannibales et mélancoliques (A cannibal and melancholy mourning, 2000), with its many autobiographic features, should not be treated as a mere therapeutic piece of writing. The introductory section takes a closer look at the auto-fictional practices of this contemporary Quebec writer. Subsequently, the article demonstrates that the novel’s preoccupation with mourning represents an original way of approaching life from the perspective of finitude and enables Mavrikakis, who is stuck in an identity crisis, to question her becoming a writer through a network of both real and imaginary relationships.
EN
Around five millennia ago the Chinese developed spectacular rituals concerning afterlife beliefs. Funerals could always been perceived as theatre-like cultural performances. The ancestor cult is a base for Chinese morality. Theatrical performances are one of the means of ghosts worship. Until recently the performance of mourning could have been considered a social spectacle.The classical music theatre of China (xiqu) constitutes a vivid illustration of beliefs in constant commune with souls of the dead. Traditional dramatic literature provides many examples of female-ghost characters. They are usually protagonists, who put a moral thesis forward and convey the educational message of the theatre piece. Actors' make-up as well as theatre puppets have presumably funeral origins. Afterlife beliefs could be regarded as one of the sources of Chinese theatre.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje interesującą, dziewiętnastowieczną formę demonstracji uczuć narodowych, jaką był polski pogrzeb na emigracji. Przyjmował często formę patriotycznej manifestacji i w sposób naturalny, niejako mimowolnie, okazał się ważnym elementem działalności Szkoły Polskiej na Batignolles. Uchwycenie roli ceremoniału pochówkowego w patriotycznej dydaktyce największej dziewiętnastowiecznej polskiej placówki edukacyjnej na Zachodzie, to ukazanie zupełnie nieznanej sfery emigracyjnego wychowania. Uczestnictwo polskich dzieci i młodzieży w pogrzebach, jak i związanych z nimi, wypracowywanych przez lata zwyczajach, wpisało się na stałe do szeroko rozumianego programu wychowawczo-dydaktycznego szkoły, świadczyło o odrębności obyczajowo-etnicznej polskiej diaspory wobec francuskiej kultury, uczyło historii i polskich tradycji, wzmacniało poczucie polskiej identyfikacji narodowej. Poprzez cykliczne odbywane żałoby, procesje i tym podobne manifestacje kształtowały się elementy tożsamości batignolskiej młodzieży typowe dla przedstawicieli polskiej diaspory. Ukazanie wagi i trwałości takiego patriotycznego, a zarazem „żałobnego” wychowania uzmysławia rolę pozalekcyjnej edukacji w konstruowaniu i przekazywaniu trwałej identyfikacji narodowej kolejnym pokoleniom wychowywanym na emigracji.
EN
The article presents a novel, previously unused, form of the demonstration of national feelings, namely the Polish funeral in exile. Like a special form of a patriotic manifestation in a seemingly natural way, somehow involuntarily, it transpires to be an important element of the work of the Polish school at Batignolles. The presentation of the role of the burial ceremonies in the pedagogical practice of the largest Polish educational institution in the West, is a presentation of a completely unknown sphere of emigrant teaching. Both the funeral itself and the customs which were developed over the years, became a permanent part of the Batignol educational and didactic program. They have influenced the cultural and ethnic identity of the youngest diaspora, taught history and Polish customs, and strengthened the sense of national dignity. Through the periodic mourning, processions and similar manifestations, the typical young emigrant’s identity has been shaped. By showing the importance and durability of such a patriotic and sorrowful education, it is possible to present the role of the school and its extracurricular education in constructing and transferring the permanent national identification to subsequent generations brought up in exile.
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