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1

QUESTIONS OF LANGUAGE USE IN MULTILINGUAL SWITZERLAND

100%
Hoffmann Z.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2006
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vol. 102
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issue 2
185-195
EN
This paper surveys the linguistic situation in Switzerland, a country where a number of diverse languages are spoken, concentrating on two main problem areas and thereby following two main trends in Swiss language policy. On the one hand, the linguistic situation of German-speaking Switzerland is discussed with the problem of diglossia in focus. The relationship between the Standard German of Switzerland and Swiss German (a cover term for the German dialects spoken in Switzerland) is a much-debated one. 'Functional diglossia' as a term describing that relationship is not adequate for a number of cases. It would be more felicitous to speak of 'medial diglossia', even though that term does not perfectly describe the current situation, either. The paper therefore also introduces two alternative models, that of productive/receptive diglossia, and that of transition to bilingualism. - The other problem area discussed involves the possible ways of describing the communication between the various language groups. The myth of peaceful linguistic coexistence in Switzerland is challenged by Switzerland being a multilingual rather than quadrilingual country today, as well as by the fact that it is characterized by territorial monolingualism. The paper presents two types of communication between inhabitants of the parts of the country with distinct mother tongues. One, the partner language model is soon discarded, and the other, the lingua franca model is concluded to be a more realistic description of the situation. The problem with the latter model is, however, that neither one of the national languages nor English seems to be fit at the moment for introduction as an official lingua franca, even though English plays an increasingly dominant role on the linguistic palette of Switzerland, multicoloured as it is to begin with. - Finally, Switzerland can be seen as a kind of small-scale model of Europe in which the problems, possibilities and challenges that multicultural and multilingual Europe will have to face can be conveniently studied.
2
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K vícejazyčnosti v básnických skladbách Vladimíra Holana

100%
Mares P.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2006
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vol. 54
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issue 2-3
248-257
EN
An article about the integration of foreign-language elements in three poems by Vladimir Holan (Noc s Hamletem, Noc s Ofelii, and Toskana).
3
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YOUNG MULTILINGUAL IMMIGRANTS IN SPAIN: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL VARIABLES

80%
Checa Olmos J. C., Arjona Garrido Á., Checa Gómez D.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 3
348 – 366
EN
Immigration in recent decades has configured a more multilingual space than there has ever been before in Spain. The double purpose of this study was to discover self-reported use of language by foreigners and their linguistic competence in both formal and informal Spanish environments. An Index of Linguistic Competence in Spanish (ILCS) based on oral, phonetic, written and comprehension capabilities was designed for this. Data were from a survey given to the foreign population aged 14 to 18 residing in the Province of Almeria (Spain). The results show that the level they have acquired is lower than native students. Furthermore, there are considerable differences among the foreigners themselves by age, years of residence in Spain, years in school, and origin.
4

Das europäische Integrationskonzeptvor dem Hintergrund der Sprach- und Sprachenfrage

80%
Szubert R.
Germanica Wratislaviensia
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2012
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vol. 136
149-163
EN
The present paper focuses on the European Union multilingualism in the context of the communicative effectiveness intended by the governments of EU Member States and their communities. The author claims that this communicative effectiveness is of key importance with regard to the function and comprehensibility of languages which are important for the quality of life of every modern community, i.e. the specialist languages.
5
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The Spectres of Mácha or Multilingualism as a Literary Canon

80%
Vörös I.
Bohemistyka
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2011
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vol. 11
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issue 4
251-266
EN
This essay is written for those who sometimes consider it their duty to be embarrassed. Embarrassment, ignorance and doubt are very important elements of understanding – they complement self-confidence and knowledge; like salt to flour, they are added ingredients, to make the dough tasty. The understanding that is reached in this way is, if we are to believe our own simile, tasty, enjoyable. It is enjoyment itself.
6

VÍCEJAZYČNOST V SOUČASNÉ ČESKÉ POEZII. NĚKOLIK ÚVODNÍCH POSTŘEHŮ Z KORPUSOVÉ PERSPEKTIVY

70%
Piorecký K., Škrabal M.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 6
568 – 583
EN
The paper is an attempt at a quantitative corpus related approach to the subject of multilingualism in contemporary Czech poetry (published both in books as well as on literary servers). The authors of the paper examine the frequency and distribution of foreign (i.e. non-Czech) lexical units, raise questions about the forms and functions of individual means of expression; three selected poets (T. Kafka, M. Šanda, M. Torčík) are analysed more in-depth. In addition, the paper is a piece of news about a database being developed – contemporary poetry corpus – and the possibilities of using it. It suggests how beneficial the quantitative data analysis in the first phase of linguistically oriented literary research can be, or it points to the necessity of interconnecting the quantitative and qualitative approaches; it is only the researcher´s interpretative competence that can actually define the boundaries of the research field and the significance of the present elements. When conducting text-centred analyses, language corpora should begin to play a role similar to that of other tools of scientific infrastructure, e.g. bibliographic database.
7
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Jazyková různost v současné teorii a praxi

70%
Vasiljev I.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2010
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vol. 92
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issue 1-2
112-121
EN
The subject was chosen to honour the memory of Professor Vladimír Skalička, who is best known for his contributions to language typology, but who also considered due attention to language diversity in general to be one of the corner stones of linguistics. The author maintains that despite the huge increase in interest in various problems of language diversity over the last fifty years, the most influential linguistic theories either underestimate its theoretical value (Chomskian approaches), or do not sufficiently test their tenets against its reality (cognitive linguistics). The author goes on to outline present-day multilingualism as the language ideology and language policy of the European Union and to show some specific examples of the EU language planning activities, including organized research into language diversity and various aspects of multilingualism within its member countries.
8
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Kanonizace monolingvalismu. Kanonizace multilingvalismu?

70%
Nekula M.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 6
791-812
EN
This article focuses on the emergence of literary canons and their forms with regard to the historiography of national literatures, particularly the historiography of Czech literature. The function of literary historiography in the establishment of a homogeneous literary canon is explained here using examples from authors writing in German in Czech works of historiography. Against this background, the article considers the possibilities and limits of the canonization or canonizations of Czech literature written in languages other than Czech and the possibilities of integrating such literature into the historiography of Czech literature. In this respect, particular attention is paid to the German‑language fiction of Maxim Biller, who was born in Prague in 1960, but left at the age of ten.
9
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FICTION: HERITAGE, CHOICE, CREATION

70%
Thomka B.
World Literature Studies
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2022
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vol. 14
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issue 3
48 - 59
EN
This article aims to systemize different fictional works of the migrant literature and problematizes the writing of bi- and multilingual authors. Polyglots, just as those who come to a new cultural milieu, are faced with a choice. Their native language, as the sum of their historical, cultural, intellectual, literary, and imaginary experiences, becomes the heritage that they take with themselves. For writers who inherited more than one language, choosing a language is a matter of free will, whereas the fiction of those who switch languages later usually cannot be traced back to open artistic choice, but rather to a consequence of historical coercion. Younger authors base their literary careers on the newly acquired language, and the authorship of this generation living and creating in the interspace between two cultures has been defined by the cultural identity configured in this new space. The influence of the author, as well as the original and the host media, on the work’s interpretation and evaluation changes considerably. This is the scope of the transliterary system that is established beyond nations and literatures.
10

MULTILINGUAL FAMILIES AND THEIR POSITION IN EUROPEAN SOCIETIES

70%
Ceballos Rodríguez G. A., Ainsaar M.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 4
55 - 73
EN
European Union (EU) statistics show that the percentage of people living in immigrant or mixed households is growing (Eurostat, 2017). The aim of this study is to analyse the diversity of multilingual families and to describe their social environment in Europe. We study the proportion of people living in multilingual families, their demographic background, and their integration into society. Furthermore, we classify certain European countries according to the characteristics of their multilingual households to better understand the environments in which multilingual families live. We use European Social Survey (ESS) data on immigration background and integration attitudes to analyse multilingual family members from 18 European countries. Demographic background variables include: (1) immigration background and languages spoken at home, (2) multi-ancestry background, and (3) presence of children in the household. The integration variables are: (4) citizenship of the country of residence; (5) feelings of happiness; (6) feelings of discrimination; (7) self-evaluated economic coping. Our results show that multilingualism has roots in migration in many countries. However, despite the link between immigration history and multilingualism, the background of multilingualism is not linear, and several deviations and outliers are present. Results show that multilingualism is closely related to recent immigration and the migration history of a country, but this relationship is not linear. The results of the study provide a basis to study their different dimensions in further detail, particularly, those related to identity formation and the internal and external motivations to develop an affiliation towards host countries.
11

JAZYK V HISTORICKOM VÝSKUME: POLITICKÉ IMPLIKÁCIE JAZYKOVEJ PRAXE V UHORSKU V 16. A 17. STOROČÍ

70%
Benka P.
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 4
639–663
EN
The paper shows socio-cultural historical research into multilingualism as one of the possible approaches to the analysis of early modern Hungarian society. The emphasis is put on the broadly defined political sphere, respecting its early modern meanings and contexts. The analysis of multilingualism rests on examples both from social practice and the intellectual discourse that dealt with the roles that were ascribed to various languages within the hierarchically ordered early modern society. Two perspectives were used as groundwork when ordering the source material and its subsequent analysis. Firstly, attention is devoted to pragmatic attitudes towards multilingualism present in Hungary. They were represented by acknowledgment of the existing situation, and then search for effective ways to work with it in order to achieve particular (political) aims. Secondly, the analysis focuses on situations when language was instrumentalized – both practically and symbolically – in the political activities within the distinction of “own/native/local” against “foreign/alien”, as a means of inclusion or exclusion. Eventually, it is proposed that the phenomenon of language played specific roles in the political sphere also in the early modern period in spite of a lack of institutional and intellectual background comparable to those of modern times.
12

ZNEVIDITEĽNENIE A ZJEMNENIE: REFLEXIE VEREJNÉHO POUŽÍVANIA MAĎARČINY U BRATISLAVSKÝCH VIACJAZYČNÝCH TROJGENERAČNÝCH RODÍN

61%
Satinská L.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2016
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vol. 64
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issue 1
32 – 46
EN
On the basis of language biographies of multilingual three-generation families in Bratislava, the paper explores the communication strategies on the use of Hungarian in public. The research was conducted in the form of narrative interviews with members of five families. A total of 23 interviews were conducted. The use of language in public is complementarily influenced by language legislation, the social and political situation and individual experience. The obtained material is analysed at two levels: at the level of experience (reality of the subject) and narration (reality of the text). At the level of experience, the following strategies of avoiding conflicts have arisen from the described situations: 1) silence; 2) muting of the voice; 3) switching into Slovak; 4) switching into a “neutral” language (German); 5) responding in Slovak; and 6) preparation of children for negative attitudes. At the level of narration, the negative experience is refined using the following tools: 1) degrading the legitimacy of the attacker; 2) highlighting the “good deeds” of the members of the majority; 3) lapse of time; and 4) declared forgetting.
13
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Wybory językowe a złożona tożsamość – na przykładzie Żydów z dziewiętnastowiecznego Wrocławia

41%
Rybińska A.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2014
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issue 9
161-173
PL
The purpose of this article is to illustrate the process of language change in the 19th-century Breslau. The analysis of four areas: education, literature, liturgy and onomastic data from grave inscriptions point to choices between two languages and partial linguistic acculturation, as well as testify to the complex identity of Breslau Jews.  
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