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PL
Ekspansywna polityka kolonialna Imperium Brytyjskiego prowadzona konsekwentnie na Subkontynencie Indyjskim na przełomie XIX i XX w. doprowadziła do zachwiania tradycyjnych stosunków społeczno-ekonomicznych. Kryzys – spowodowany nagłym wzrostem demograficznym i skrajnie trudnymi warunkami klimatycznymi – zaznaczył się katastrofalną sytuacją w rolnictwie. Powstrzymanie dalszej degradacji gospodarki wymagało zdecydowanych działań – szczególnie na prowincji. Twórcą programu reform, którego celem było wykorzystanie potencjału zasobów naturalnych i ludzkich był Mahatma Gandhi – Ojciec Narodu Indyjskiego, przywódca Indyjskiego Kongresu Narodowego, wizjoner i mistyk. Gandhi przyszłość swojej ojczyzny widział w odrodzeniu społecznym, moralnym i gospodarczym wsi. Opowiadał się za państwem, którego demokratyczne zasady sięgać będą przede wszystkim do społeczności lokalnych. Przykładem swojego życia rozbudził wśród chłopów nadzieje na konkretne zmiany w ich życiu, wydobycie się z nędzy i przełamanie beznadziei społecznego i politycznego położenia.
EN
The British Empire’s expansive colonial policies consistently pursued in the Indian subcontinent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to the shaking of traditional socioeconomic relations. The crisis – caused by sudden demographic growth and extremely difficult climatic conditions – was marked by a disastrous situation in agriculture. Stopping further degradation of the economy required decisive action – especially in the provinces. The creator of the reform program aimed at maximizing the potential of natural and human resources was Mahatma Gandhi – the Father of the Indian Nation, leader of the Indian National Congress, visionary and mystic. Gandhi saw the future of his homeland in the social, moral and economic revival of the countryside. He advocated for a state whose democratic principles would reach out primarily to local communities. Living by example, he aroused hopes among peasants for concrete changes in their lives, lifting themselves out of poverty and overcoming the hopelessness of their social and political predicament.
EN
Dealing with the key category of Hinduism imported from English linguistic habits (of “-isms’), some eminent Indian researchers evolved this notion from ancient roots of hindu dharma. In modern times of colonial and post-colonial ages it has been confronted in cultural and political space as two polarised worldviews. The first one has been seen as tolerant neo-Hinduism proclaimed at the down of Independence by Mahatma Gandhi (with Indian Congress Party support) and the other one has been described as extreme Hindutva connected with modern outlook of W. Damodar Sarvodar. The first one formed sound foundation for the Nehru-Gandhi family line, ruling India in the second part of the 20th Century. And the other one has been built as the foundation for opposite socio-political formations, starting from Sarvodar and ending with the contemporary leader of BJP, Narendra Modi. The direct and indirect connections of the outlook of contemporary Hindutva have been described together with recent evolution of Narendra Modi and his supporters. This duality of Indian political scene has been shown in comparative modern world entourage as the prevailing tendency of the our century.
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