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EN
In recent years, cities have significantly changed due to globalisation processes that influence also social aspects of their functioning. Hence, immigrant inflows are observed, social segregation and polarisation significantly increase, and city space is transformed by gentrification processes. Social conflicts seem to be an integral part of the functioning of contemporary cities, what can be seen on the example of French cities. The aim of the article is to show socio-spatial diversity of Marseille, the second largest city of France, with the largest port serving as an economic and immigrant gateway to the country, and as a consequence, making the city prone to socio-spatial restructuring. The study involves the analysis of the demographic and socio-economic diversity of the city's ZUS (zones urbaines sensibles) - districts delimitated by local councils as objectives of urban policy due to social problems concentrated there. They are concentrated in the ‘triangle of poverty’ of Marseille. The districts highly populated by immigrants represent at the same time the highest level of deprivation. This residential segregation involves mainly Maghrebians. These foreigners overrepresented in the lowest social classes and in the poorest districts are an ethnoclass prone to ghettoisation. However, in contrast to other French cities, social conflicts that burst into riots of the banlieue were almost absent in Marseille in 2005. The reasons for this are the historically determined central location of the deprived districts and failure of the gentrification process, and the policy of local authorities.
PL
Napisanie o (nie)możliwości spotkania w Marsylii umierającego Rimbauda, poetyckiego znawcy morza, autora Statku pijanego, i Josepha Conrada, marynarza w pełni sił, debiutanta – a w przyszłości jednego z najznamienitszych pisarzy tematyki morskiej, było od dawna moim marzeniem i zamiarem. Ten, który odchodzi. Ten, który przychodzi. To samo miejsce: Marsylia. Ten sam horyzont: Afryka. Bardzo dobry temat na esej.
EN
Writing about the (im)possibility of a meeting held in Marseille between the dying Rimbaud, a poetic expert on maritime subjects, the author of the poem The Drunken Boat, and Joseph Conrad, a sailor at full strength, a debutant – and in the future one of the greatest marine writers has long been my dream and intent. The one who goes away. The one who comes. Same place: Marseille. Same horizon: Africa. Very good topic for an essay.
EN
The author discusses Norwid’s connections with Provence in four aspects. The first of them are Provencal motifs in the poet’s biography: his journey to the south of France in 1858, Norwid’s brothers, Ludwik and Ksawery, moving houses to Provence, presentation of Norwid’s etchings at an exhibition in Nîmes in 1865. The second part of the article inscribes the image of Provence shown in Norwid’s works into the context of Mediterranean myths and the culture of northern France on the basis of conclusions drawn from Notes on Mythology and Orbis Album that he had read. In the third part the motif of Marseille proves especially significant, as the ancient Massalia is – which can be seen in Quidam and in the lectures on Juliusz Słowacki – a representation of the space of exile – it became the place to which Norwid’s important protagonists (like St Madeleine) were exiled. In the myth founding the town there is a clash between the idea of freedom and the vision of the world-prison. The fourth part of the article brings an interpretation of the Civilization “legend”, taking into consideration Provence contexts: the idea of putting forward Arles’ and Nîmes’ candidatures for the status of authority centers of the 19th century France.
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EN
The author discusses Norwid’s connections with Provence in four aspects. The first of them are Provencal motifs in the poet’s biography: his journey to the south of France in 1858, Norwid’s brothers, Ludwik and Ksawery, moving houses to Provence, presentation of Norwid’s etchings at an exhibition in Nimes in 1865. The second part of the article inscribes the image of Provence shown in Norwid’s works into the context of Mediterranean myths and the culture of northern France on the basis of conclusions drawn from Notes on Mythology and Orbis Album that he had read. In the third part the motif of Marseille proves especially significant, as the ancient Massalia is – which can be seen in Quidam and in the lectures on Juliusz Słowacki – a representation of the space of exile – it became the place to which Norwid’s important protagonists (like St Madeleine) were exiled. In the myth founding the town there is a clash between the idea of freedom and the vision of the world-prison. The fourth part of the article brings an interpretation of the Civilization “legend”, taking into consideration Provence contexts: the idea of putting forward Arles’ and Nimes’ candidatures for the status of authority centers of the 19th century France.
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