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1
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WIDMO EKONOMICZNEJ KATASTROFY CZY STRACH PRZED KOMUNIZMEM? MOTYWY PLANU MARSHALLA W ŚWIETLE AMERYKAŃSKICH DOKUMENTÓW1

100%
Kowalski K.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2015
|
issue 2(13)
98-112 (15)
EN
The European Recovery Program was one of the most creative and inspired acts in modern American diplomacy. The article discusses the sequence of events prior to an-nouncement of the Plan at Harvard University within the aim of providing arguments on the significance of economic and political factors of the Marshall Plan. The starting point was set in early 1947 when G. C. Marshall took the office of the Secretary of State. Then the Moscow conference and subsequent radio speech by Marshall is described. The text also comments on D. Acheson’s speech in Delta Council, Cleveland and deals with the Policy Planning Staff established by Marshall soon after his arrival from Moscow con-ference. The central part of the article is devoted to the report of the Policy Planning Staff (May 1947) and the alarmist memorandum prepared by William Clayton. In the final paragraph, the Marshall Plan speech of June, 5th is analysed in respect of its importance in both economic and political circumstances.
2
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Powstanie Banku Światowego oraz jego początkowa działalność w świetle Doktryny Trumana i Planu Marshalla 1944-1948

88%
Cherek Ł.
Przegląd Zachodni
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2015
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issue 2(355)
115-130
EN
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank, was created together with the International Monetary Fund at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. Articles of Agreement, signed by the countries participating in the conference, defined five major regulations of the existence of the Bank. Those regulations soon proved to be insufficient and the new institution had to face many organizational problems which limited the role of the President of the Bank leaving it unable to make any loan decisions. The task of changing this situation was taken up by John McCloy, who acted as the Bank's president between 1947 and 1949. This article examines the policy of the World Bank during its first years, in which it could not stay indifferent to the changing political realities in international relations, such as the implementation of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The article reassesses the role of the World Bank in international relations after 1945, presents hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, correspondence between John McCloy and Harry Truman and between McCloy and Averell Harriman from the Economic Cooperation Administration, established to administer the Marshall Plan in Europe.
3
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Dylemat Triffina we współczesnym międzynarodowym systemie walutowym

75%
Balicki A.
Studia Ekonomiczne
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2013
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vol. 129
107-116
EN
Robert Triffin at the beginning of the 1960s warned that the Bretton Woods system (BWS) was unsustainable due to the inability of the reserve currency issuer to run current account deficit and surplus at the same time. Both were necessary to provide, respectively, international liquidity and trust in the status of the reserve currency. Contradictionary character of the dilemma finally led to the collapse of the BWS. Even though the contemporary system is entirely different in nature, the dilemma still applies. Vast accumulation of dollar reserves undermines confidence in the US fiscal capacity to repay its debt. Therefore, it is crucial to promote international cooperation and evolution towards a multipolar system, or system based on one supranational currency.
4
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Zagraniczna polityka gospodarcza USA po II wojnie światowej- jedna z dróg budowania pozycji mocarstwowej

51%
Ogrodniczuk M.
Przegląd Geopolityczny
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2015
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vol. 11
79-101
PL
Artykuł prezentuje działania Stanów Zjednoczonych, podjęte pod koniec i po zakończeniu II wojny światowej w celu stworzenia nowego ładu geopolitycznego. Zniszczenia wojenne spowodowały, iż znalazły się one w głębokim kryzysie ekonomicznym. Pod patronatem i przywództwem Stanów Zjednoczonych stworzone zostały instytucje, które finansowo miały wspierać powojenną rekonstrukcję gospodarczą zniszczonych państw. USA, jako państwo, którego gospodarka nie ucierpiała w wyniku wojny, stały się głównym dostarczycielem środków finansowych dla Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego oraz Międzynarodowego Banku Odbudowy i Rozwoju (później: Banku Światowego). Dzięki tym funduszom można było wspomóc odbudowę zarówno gospodarek państw sojuszniczych, jak kraje Europy Zachodniej, jak i wojennych przeciwników, jak Japonia. USA miały też znaczący wpływ na kształt Układu Ogólnego w sprawie Taryf Celnych i Handlu (GATT), stanowiącego ramy powojennej współpracy handlowej. Artykuł prezentuje powstałe instytucje międzynarodowe oraz główne programy pomocowe, jakie zostały zrealizowane w państwach Europy Zachodniej i Japonii. Stanowiły one jedną z podstaw uzyskanej przez USA pozycji mocarstwa światowego.
EN
After the end of World War II the USA were the most powerful state in the world. Mostly because of the lack of war damages in its territory, and the fact, that the American industry became the main supplier for fighting sides of that war. This position gave the USA the opportunity to create a new world order, in which they could be in charge. To do that the United States played the leading role in the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, that established the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. For both those institution the USA were the main donator of funds. Also were the initiator of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. By special recovery programs helped the economies of Western Europe (including Germany) and Japan to return to their normal condition. All those American activities create the foundation for its position of superpower, that it took in the postwar world.
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Stany Zjednoczone a integracja polityczna, militarna i gospodarcza Europy Zachodniej w pierwszych latach po II wojnie światowej (do 1950 r.). Ameryka nadaje ton i dyktuje warunki (Część I)

51%
Klimiuk Z.
Historia i Polityka
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2019
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issue 27 (34)
95-114
EN
The influence of the US on the forms and course of the integration processes in Western Europe was very strong, especially in the first post-war years. It was the influence of an external force which, being free of the internal contradictions stemming from Western Europe’s interests, had at its disposal real capabilities to impose integration concepts beneficial to itself. Such integration was in line with both the economic and military interests of the United States during this period. The main reasons prompting Western European countries in the first post-war years to accept the solutions suggested by the United States were: the said countries’ difficult economic situation, fear of the communist parties’ coming to power, and the reluctant (hostile) attitude towards the USSR and the communist bloc. The combination of these causes served to temporarily neutralize the centrifugal tendencies and muted the divergence of interests between the individual countries of Western Europe. Such motives of integration also influenced the character of the emerging Western European political, military and economic organizations. The economic development of Western European countries, whose sources, in addition to the Marshall Plan, should be seen also in other factors, later led to a shift of integration initiatives from the American side to the European one. From a formal point of view, the effects of US policy in the period up to 1950 entailed: the establishment of NATO, the creation of the OEEC and the signing of the agreement on the EUP.
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Nationalism, Globalism, and the Challenges to Universal Dialogue

38%
Hicks S. V.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2019
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issue 1
17-36
EN
In this essay, I argue that the contemporary world scene is characterized by a growing sense of conflict, disorganization, and fragmentation of previous unities and alliances. I also argue that any serious attempt to address these issues would have to focus on the following broad areas of concern: (1) the challenge of global political instability; (2) the challenge of promoting a more positive approach to regionalism; (3) the challenge of global poverty and inequality; (4) the challenge of human displacement; and (5) the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation.
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