Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 3

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  Martial Law in Poland
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
„Talent is a form of wealth entrusted to us” – these words may serve as Witold Lutosławski’s motto. He repeated them often and at many occasions, emphasising that each creative artist is obliged to treat his talent carefully and develop it to produce great results for public consumption. This corresponds well with Biblical parable on talents but does it mean that Lutosławski was a religious man? Was Christian ethic important to him? In his music there is no much connection with religion – only his youthful Lacrimosa for soprano, choir and orchestra, and the arrangements of traditional Polish Christmas carols, composed shortly after the Second World War, present his direct relations to religious inspirations. However, he did not like to talk about his beliefs and worldview, especially in the context of his own music, which for him always was abstract and free from any extra-musical features. But his attitude to composing, as well as to the public activity, reveals many connections with Christianity values. He was brought up in the family of strongly catholic and patriotic beliefs, connected with high moral principles. An atmosphere of Lutosławskis’ family, which belonged to the intellectual elites of pre-war Poland, made strong influence on young Witold. For the rest of his life he felt obliged to pay his duties both as a composer and as a man of a high moral standards. He not only concentrated on his creative work (though it was his main life obligation) but searched for public weal in his social activity, always aiming „to behave decently”. This corresponds perfectly with Christian ethic and indeed in one of his interviews Lutosławski openly admitted that not only his worldview was formed by Catholicism, towards which he remained faithful, but also that in his opinion Christian ethic remains pre-eminent among all ethic systems formed by the humanity.
PL
„Talent is a form of wealth entrusted to us” – these words may serve as Witold Lutosławski’s motto. He repeated them often and at many occasions, emphasising that each creative artist is obliged to treat his talent carefully and develop it to produce great results for public consumption. This corresponds well with Biblical parable on talents but does it mean that Lutosławski was a religious man? Was Christian ethic important to him? In his music there is no much connection with religion – only his youthful Lacrimosa for soprano, choir and orchestra, and the arrangements of traditional Polish Christmas carols, composed shortly after the Second World War, present his direct relations to religious inspirations. However, he did not like to talk about his beliefs and worldview, especially in the context of his own music, which for him always was abstract and free from any extra-musical features. But his attitude to composing, as well as to the public activity, reveals many connections with Christianity values. He was brought up in the family of strongly catholic and patriotic beliefs, connected with high moral principles. An atmosphere of Lutosławskis’ family, which belonged to the intellectual elites of pre-war Poland, made strong influence on young Witold. For the rest of his life he felt obliged to pay his duties both as a composer and as a man of a high moral standards. He not only concentrated on his creative work (though it was his main life obligation) but searched for public weal in his social activity, always aiming „to behave decently”. This corresponds perfectly with Christian ethic and indeed in one of his interviews Lutosławski openly admitted that not only his worldview was formed by Catholicism, towards which he remained faithful, but also that in his opinion Christian ethic remains pre-eminent among all ethic systems formed by the humanity.
EN
The article presents the activities of regional censorship offices operating at voivodeship level during the Martial Law in the 1981–1982. Those were created out of personnel from Sections W and Sections T of the Voivodeship Citizen’s Milicia Headquarters and Voivodeship Offices of Internal Affairs (KWMO/WUSW) and operated for over a year (13 December 1981 to 31 December 1982). The main task of those regional censorship offices was to censor mail correspondence and telecommunications messages, and to provide surveillance of telephone calls. The article is based on the Security Service sources relating to postal censorship and reports on the telecommunications censorship activities of individual regional censorship offices. The article looks at the activities of the censorship offices in two sets of voivodeships created by the administrative reforms of 1975: the first set comprises the 17 previously existing (“historical”) voivodeships, the second one comprises the 32 extra voivodeships created as a result of the reform. A comparative analysis of the activities of different offices shows that the censorship of telecommunications messages and phone call surveillance were first handled (until the end of December 1981), and then only supervised, by Section T operatives. The burden of censoring telegrams and telex messages and conducting phone call surveillance fell to regular telecommunications workers. According to the heads of the relevant censorship sections this resulted in a drop in the quality and effectiveness of the censorship and produced inferior outcomes. The leadership of the Main Censorship Office believed that censorship fulfilled its intended role as a major constraint imposed across a broad spectrum of society. By censoring mail correspondence it was possible to gauge the public mood and opinions in different social groups (students, academics, culture) on the state of martial law as well as on government and party policies. The censorship also helped to curb the activities of the dissident opposition through seizure of clandestine publications published in Poland and abroad, and exerted a psychological impact on society, who kept hearing the recorded message, "this phone call is being monitored")
PL
W artykule przedstawiono działalność Wojewódzkich Urzędów Cenzury w okresie stanu wojennego. Powstały one na bazie kadr Wydziałów „W” i Wydziałów „T” KWMO/WUSW i funkcjonowały przez ponad rok (od 13 grudnia 1981 do 31 grudnia 1982 r.). Głównym zadaniem WUC było prowadzenie cenzury pocztowej i telekomunikacyjnej oraz kontrola rozmów telefonicznych. Podstawę źródłową artykułu stanowi dokumentacja SB w zakresie cenzury pocztowej oraz sprawozdania z cenzury telekomunikacyjnej poszczególnych Wojewódzkich Urzędów Cenzury. Działalność WUC przebadano w dwóch grupach województw, które wyodrębniła reforma administracyjna z 1975 r.: do pierwszej należało 17 dotychczas funkcjonujących „historycznych” województw, do drugiej 32 nowe, utworzone w wyniku reformy. Analiza porównawcza pracy poszczególnych WUC wykazała, że w cenzurze telekomunikacyjnej i kontroli rozmów telefonicznych brali udział funkcjonariusze Wydziału (sekcji) „T” do końca grudnia 1981 r., a następnie sprawowali nad nią nadzór. Ciężar cenzurowania telegramów i teleksów, a także kontrolowania rozmów spoczywał na pracownikach urzędów telekomunikacyjnych. Wg naczelników Wydziałów i Sekcji „T” nie przekładało się to na jakość i skuteczność cenzury, a wprost przeciwnie – oznaczało spadek wyników. W ocenie kierownictwa Głównego Urzędu Cenzury cenzura odegrała zakładaną przez władzę rolę jako rygor, który dotknął najszersze kręgi społeczeństwa i był najbardziej dotkliwy. Cenzura listów dostarczała informacji o opiniach i nastrojach społecznych w różnych środowiskach (wśród studentów, ludzi nauki i kultury) na temat stanu wojennego, polityki partii i rządu. Przyczyniła się również do ograniczenia działań opozycji przez konfiskatę wydawnictw opozycyjnych i emigracyjnych, a także w sposób psychologiczny oddziaływała na społeczeństwo (chociażby przez świadomość, że „rozmowa jest kontrolowana”)
PL
Akcja „Pomocy dla Polski” w czasie stanu wojennego przeprowadzona została przez członków Towarzystwa Irlandzko-Polskiego przy współpracy irlandzkiego Kościoła katolickiego, Komisji Charytatywnej Episkopatu Polski, statków polskich linii oceanicznych, irlandzkich agencji transportu, firm farmaceutycznych i spożywczych, a przede wszystkim dzięki hojności irlandzkiego społeczeństwa. Mała polska społeczność w krótkim okresie czasu zdołała zebrać niewyobrażalną kwotę pieniędzy, produktów żywnościowych i lekarstw. Podczas 18 miesięcy na zebrano 250,000 funtów w gotówce i zgromadzono różnego rodzaju produkty na kwotę 300,000 funtów. Następnie w 20 kontenerach przetransportowano je statkami do Polski. Oddzielną sumę 50,000 funtów ofiarował także irlandzki rząd, do dalszej dystrybucji przez Irlandzki Czerwony Krzyż i organizację charytatywną Trocaire. Olbrzymim wysiłkiem udało się wpłynąć na irlandzkich polityków, aby zdecydowali się na oficjalne potępienie wprowadzenia stanu wojennego w Polsce. Towarzystwo Irlandzko-Polskie przekształciło się silną i zwartą organizację polonijną, będącą jedynym głosem Polaków w Irlandii i efektywną grupą nacisku. Dali się także poznać jako oddani sprzymierzeńcy ich dalekiej ojczyzny, świadomi swojej tożsamości i potencjału.    
EN
Aid for Poland during the period of martial law in Poland was organised predominantly by members of the Irish Polish Society, the Irish Catholic Church with the help of the Charitable Commission of the Episcopate of Poland, Polish merchant ships, Irish shipping agents, Irish pharmaceutical and food firms, and generous Irish people. A small Polish community in a short period of time managed to collect in Ireland unbelievable amounts of money and goods. During the 18 months of fundraising, £250,000 in cash and £300,000 worth of food and medicines was shipped to Poland in 20 containers. £50,000 was donated separately by the Irish Government to the Irish Red Cross and the charitable organisation Trocaire. A huge political effort was made to influence the Irish Government to condemn the imposing of martial law in Poland. The Irish Polish Society became a strong and solidified Polish organisation, a united voice for Poles in Ireland and an effective Polish pressure group , supportive for their country of origin and knowing their identity and potentials.  
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.