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Mediation in armed conflict

100%
Żakowska M.
Security and Defence Quarterly
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2017
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vol. 17
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issue 4
74-99
EN
Mediation is one of the most commonly used methods for solving armed conflicts due to its flexibility allowing parties to freely decide about their participation in the mediation, the choice of a mediator, and accepting or rejecting the conditions of conflict resolution established during the mediation process. The article looks at various approaches to mediation, leading to an indication of the nature and attributes of this method of solving armed conflicts. It also analyses the motives of the main actors of mediation - the parties’ of the conflict and the mediator, which are taken into consideration when they decide to start mediation. The research allows a better understanding of the complexity of mediation in an armed conflict. It enables the motives of the conflicting parties and mediator which have an impact on the mediation process and result to be identified.
2
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Relation between resiliency and post-traumatic growth in a group of paramedics: The mediating role of coping strategies

100%
Ogińska-Bulik N., Kobylarczyk M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2015
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vol. 28
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issue 4
707-719
EN
Objectives The purpose of the research is to investigate the mediating role of coping strategies for stress in the relation between resiliency and post-traumatic growth in a group of paramedics. Material and Methods Data of 80 paramedics who have experienced traumatic event at their worksites was analyzed. The age range of the participants was 21–67 years old (mean: 35.47, standard deviation: 10.21). The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, the Assessment Resiliency Scale and Inventory to Measure Coping Strategies for Stress – Mini-Cope were used in the study. Results Venting of negative emotions and denial appeared as suppressors in analyzing the relation, while planning plays mediating role between resiliency and post-traumatic growth. Conclusions In the process of post-traumatic growth, both avoidance and problem-focused strategies are important. Moreover, controlling such strategies as Venting and Denial may result in a high level of posttraumatic growth in the study group. The data supports that resiliency may have direct or indirect impact on post-traumatic changes. The results allow to understand the mechanisms of resiliency better, that relationship with post-traumatic growth is ambiguous.
3
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Mediation im Fremdsprachenunterricht – die neuen Deskriptoren des Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmens für Sprachen zum Bereich Mediation und ihr Potenzial für den DaF-Unterricht an polnischen Schulen

100%
Hartwich P.
Studia Translatorica
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2020
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issue 11
35-50
EN
The Companion Volume to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), published in German translation in 2020, introduces new scales and descriptors that expand and clarify some of the key concepts of the CEFR. Mediation – one of four communication modes besides reception, production and interaction – is given a prominent role in foreign language teaching and learning processes. This article tries to outline the structure of the concept of mediation as developed in the Companion volume on the basis of the new descriptors, and to discuss it in the context of current program specifications for foreign language teaching in Poland. The aim is to explore the concept’s potential for institutional teaching of German as a foreign language in Polish schools.
4

Pragmatic Tactics in Mediation

86%
Fraser B.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2007
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vol. 3
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issue -1
61-78
EN
Mediation is the process by which a neutral third-party works with disputing parties to assist them in reaching an acceptable, voluntary settlement of their dispute. Mediators are often faced with competing demands over and above those of the dispute itself. For example, establishing and maintaining control of the mediation process without appearing to bully the disputants, persuading a party to reexamine it's position without appearing to lose their neutrality, and convincing a party that the present offer of settlement is the best possible, given the circumstances, without appearing to be determined to reach closure at all costs.The present paper examines data from labor, divorce, and community mediations (both transcripts and reports from the mediators) to show how mediators reduce tensions like those mentioned above through various devices such as establishing common ground, reframing the issue, use of metaphorical examples, and reliance on innuendo, ambiguity, and equivocation.
5
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The mediating role of nurses’ professional commitment in the relationship between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction

86%
Barać I., Prlić N., Plužarić J., Farčić N., Kovačević S.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2018
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vol. 31
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issue 5
649-658
EN
Objectives The aim of this study has been to examine the degree to which it is possible to predict job satisfaction in hospital nurses based on core self-evaluation and the nurses’ professional commitment. Psychological constructs of nurses’ professional commitment could predict a level of job satisfaction. Material and Methods A cross-sectional design was applied. Data was collected from 584 nurses of the University Hospital Osijek between April and November 2016. Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and Nurses‘ Professional Commitment Scale (NPCS) were administrated to the study participants. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the validity of each questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used for testing the prediction of nurses’ professional commitment and core self-evaluation of job satisfaction. Nurses’ professional commitment is variable, which functions as a mediator between predictor (core selfevaluation – CSE) and criterion variable (job satisfaction – JS). As a mediator, it explains what the effect is, provided that correlations among all variables are significant. Results The correlation analyses reveal significant positive correlations between job satisfaction and core self-evaluation (r = 0.441, p > 0.001) as well as between job satisfaction and nurses’ professional commitment (r = 0.464, p > 0.001). Furthermore, core self-evaluation significantly and positively correlates with nurses’ professional commitment (r = 0.402, p > 0.001). The results have shown that nurses’ professional commitment mediates the relationship between core self-evaluation and job satisfaction. The bootstrap analysis showed that core self-evaluation partially mediated the relationship between nurses’ professional commitment and job satisfaction (β = 0.78, p < 0.001**). The indirect effects of core self-evaluation on job satisfaction through nurses’ professional commitment was also significant (β = 0.17, p < 0.001**). Conclusions Nurses who are more committed to their work, regardless of the structure of personality, have greater satisfaction in their work. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):649–658
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Zawód mediator. Kilka uwag w konekście refleksji nad wyzwaniami wobec kariery zawodowej współczesnej młodzieży

72%
Urbaniak A.
Rocznik Lubuski
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2014
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vol. 40
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issue 2a
221-234
EN
Contemporary expectations towards employees or job applicants often refer not so much to the demand for specifically defined skills, which may be acquired within the frames of clearly outlined educational paths, but to the flexibility, openness to change, initiative, entrepreneurship, willingness to continuous learning and multidirectional professional development at every stage of an employee’s career. What is more, they also concern strategic, conscious and individual way of creating a career path through taking up actions which let compose a ’portfolio of qualifications’ based on the ’unique resources’ helpful in creating competitive advantage on the labour market. Based on the activities of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) – a worldwide movement – the institution of mediation was introduced to the Polish legal system, thus opening the possibility to practice the profession of mediator. The paper presents basic assumptions concerning the specifics of the mediation method of dispute resolution and with reference to the above mentioned tendencies, powers of mediation have been characterized as: a profession (one of the alternatives to develop the basic, general education, e.g., representatives of social sciences) as well as interdisciplinary subject and practical skills area (interpersonal, communicative) valuable in many areas of contemporary professional activity also among young people.
PL
Współczesne oczekiwania wobec pracowników lub kandydatów do pracy, często odnoszą się nie tyle do zapotrzebowania na konkretnie sprecyzowane umiejętności, możliwe do zdobycia w ramach wyraźnie zarysowanych ścieżek edukacyjnych. Dotyczą raczej elastyczności, otwartości na zmiany, inicjatywności, przedsiębiorczości, gotowości do ciągłego uczenia się i wielokierunkowego rozwoju zawodowego, na każdym etapie kariery pracowniczej, strategicznego, świadomego i indywidualnego budowania ścieżek zawodowych, przez podejmowania działań pozwalających na komponowanie „portfela kwalifikacji” również w oparciu o „unikatowe zasoby” pomocne w budowaniu przewagi konkurencyjnej na rynku pracy. Na kanwie działań światowego ruchu Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), wprowadzono do porządku prawnego RP instytucję mediacji, otwierając tym samym możliwość wykonywania zawodu mediatora. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono podstawowe założenia dotyczące specyfiki mediacyjnej metody rozwiązywania sporów oraz w nawiązaniu do powyżej zarysowanych tendencji, scharakteryzowano kompetencje mediacyjne ujmowane jako: zawód (jedna z alternatyw na rozbudowywanie bazowego, ogólnego wykształcenia np. przedstawicieli nauk społecznych) i interdyscyplinarny obszar wiedzy oraz umiejętności praktycznych (interpersonalnych, komunikacyjnych) cennych w wielu obszarach współczesnej aktywności zawodowej również młodych ludzi.
7
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Utrzymywanie pokoju a autonomia miejska w miastach średniowiecznych. O znaczeniu rytualnego ukorzenia się przed biskupimi panami miasta

44%
Kamp H.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia
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2017
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vol. 72
DE
Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht der Frage nach, welche Funktion und welchen Stellenwert rituelle Unterwerfungen bei der Beilegung von Konflikten zwischen Stadtbürgern und ihren bischöflichen Stadtherrn im römisch-deutschen Reich vor 1300 besaßen. Anhand der Kölner Unterwerfungen von 1074 und 1258 sowie der rituellen Selbstdemütigung der Paderborner Bürger im Jahr 1222 wird exemplarisch aufgezeigt, dass sich selbst in den Unterwerfungen, die die Unterordnung der Stadtgemeinschaft symbolisch festhalten, der Aufstieg und die wachsende Autonomie der Städte widerspiegeln. Dabei steht die frühe an den Formen der Kirchenbuße ausgerichtete Kölner Unterwerfung für die Behauptung eines ungeminderten Strafanspruchs des Stadtherrn, dem nur geringe Grenzen gesetzt waren, weil es keine Vermittler gab, die ihn auf ein bestimmtes Verhalten hätten verpflichten können. Insofern offenbart das Engagement von Vermittlern in den beiden anderen Konflikten das gewachsene Prestige der städtischen Oberschichten, die nun als Verhandlungspartner anerkannt wurden, denen gegenüber man sich auch verpflichtete. Während es in Paderborn 1222 noch allein die Forderungen des Bischofs waren, die in der Sühneurkunde Aufnahme fanden, wurden bei der Beendigung der Kölner Konflikts von 1258 zwei mehr oder minder paritätisch aufgebaute Urkunden auf- und ein Schiedsgericht eingesetzt, das über die Klagen beider Seiten befinden und einen Ausgleich schaffen sollte. Damit war die Stadt dem Bischof als Konfliktgegner gleichgestellt. Gerade das letzte Beispiel führt deutlich vor Augen, wie der Stellenwert der rituellen Unterwerfung im Rahmen der Konfliktbeilegung abnahm, weil die Abgrenzung der Rechtsansprüche zwischen Stadtherr und Stadt gegenüber der Bestrafung des Ungehorsams in den Vordergrund trat. Infolgedessen rückte auch das Schiedsurteil ins Zentrum der Konfliktbeilegung. Dennoch konnte die rituelle Unterwerfung mit der wachsenden Autonomie der Städte nicht ganz verdrängt werden. Sie blieb ein sinnvolles Instrument, um Vergehen zu benennen und zu vergeben, um exkommunizierten Sündern die Wiederaufnahme in die Kirche zu bahnen, um die Ehre des Stadtherrn wiederherzustellen und um Herrschaftsverhältnisse sichtbar neu zu begründen.
EN
This article deals with the function and significance of ritual submission as a means of settling conflicts between citizens and their episcopal lords in the Roman-German empire before 1300. On the basis of the Cologne submissions of 1074 and 1258 as well as the ritual of self-humiliation of the Paderborn townspeople in 1222, it is exemplified that the increasing autonomy of the cities are reflected even in the submissions which at first glance symbolize the strong subordination of the civic community. The first example, the famous submission of the citizens of Cologne in 1074, showing a strong debt to the forms of the ecclesiastical penance stands for the assertion of the princely lord to punish his citizens hardly even after the submission. This was due to the fact that there were no intermediaries who could have committed the bishop to a lenient behavior. In this respect, the engagement of mediators in the other two conflicts reveals the growing prestige of the urban upper classes, which were now recognized as negotiating partners, to whom the peacemakers entered into a bond. While in Paderborn only the bishop’s claims were included in the expiatory record, two documents treating both parties in balance were set up at the end of the Cologne conflict of 1258, and an arbitration court was established to deal with the complaints of both sides. Thus, in the conflict-resolution process the city was put on the same level as the bishop. This example, too, clearly shows how the importance of ritual submission as a means of resolving such conflicts diminished, as, in the 13th century, the clarifying and arranging of the legal rights of the princely lord and of the civic community came to the fore against the punishment of disobedience. As a result, the arbitration became the focus of conflict resolution. Nevertheless, with the growing autonomy of the cities, the ritual submission didn’t disappear. It remained a useful instrument to indicate an offence, to forgive it, to restore excommunicated sinners to the Church, to restore the honor of the princely-lord or to re-establish the bonds of domination.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy funkcji i znaczenia rytualnego poddania się jako środka rozwiązywania konfliktów między mieszczanami a ich biskupimi panami miasta na obszarze średniowiecznego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego przed rokiem 1300. Pierwszy analizowany przykład źródłowy to słynne poddanie się mieszczan Kolonii w 1074 r., wykazujące daleko idące zapożyczenia form aktu z rytuału kościelnej pokuty. Wydarzenie wyrażało potwierdzenie praw pana miasta do karania jego mieszkańców, nawet po ich podporządkowaniu się woli władzy. Fakt ów spowodowany był – oprócz zdecydowanej przewagi pana gruntowego – brakiem pośredników, którzy mogliby skłonić biskupa do ugody. Zaangażowanie mediatorów w dwóch pozostałych opisanych w tekście konfliktach ukazuje wzrastający prestiż miejskich warstw wyższych, postrzeganych od tej pory jako partnerzy w negocjacjach. Podczas gdy w protokole ekspiacyjnym z Paderborn uwzględniono jedynie żądania biskupa, to w końcowej fazie konfliktu kolońskiego z 1258 r. wystawiono dwa dokumenty traktujące obie strony równo, a sąd arbitrażowy został ustanowiony do rozpatrywania skarg obu stron. W ten sposób w procesie rozwiązywania konfliktu miasto traktowano na równi z biskupem. Przykład ten pokazuje również wyraźne osłabienie znaczenia rytualnego poddania się jako narzędzia rozwiązywania takich konfliktów, podczas gdy na pierwszy plan wysuwało się wyjaśnianie i określanie praw przysługujących panu oraz wspólnocie miejskiej. W rezultacie tego procesu arbitraż stał się kluczowym sposobem rozwiązywania konfliktu. Niemniej, nawet w sytuacji rosnącej autonomii miast, rytualne poddanie się buntowników przeciwko władzy nie zanikło – pozostało użytecznym instrumentem wskazywania obrazy, wybaczania jej, przywracania ekskomunikowanych grzeszników na łono Kościoła, respektowania honoru pana, ponownego zacieśnienia zerwanych więzów zależności.
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